<p>Mount Superbus lies 150 km south-west of Brisbane, Australia and is South East Queensland&#39;s highest peak at 1,375 m. At this elevation it is the fifth-highest peak in Queensland, after Mount Bartle Frere at 1,622 m, Mount Bellenden Ker at 1,593 m, Mount Fisher at 1,385 m and Mount Carbine Tableland at 1,383 m, all in Far North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>It has an extensive logging history dating back to the mid-19th century. Mount Superbus was originally covered in dense hoop pine forests. Red cedar and other valuable timbers were also heavily logged in the area. It is now part of the Main Range National Park.</p><br>
<p>The peak is a remnant of the Main Range shield volcano which erupted between 25 and 22 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>On the southern most peak just below the summit lies the wreck of a World War II Lincoln bomber. It crashed into the mountain in the early hours of Easter Saturday morning on 9 April 1955, during a medical evacuation of a sick baby from Townsville to Eagle Farm airfield in Brisbane. The crew of four RAAF personnel and the two passengers were all killed in this tragic accident. Most of the wreckage still lies near the summit and is a popular day walk for bushwalkers.</p><br>
<p>The Condamine River rises from a spring located on the western slopes of Mount Superbus. Teviot Brook, a major tributary of the Logan River, has its headwaters on the eastern facing slopes of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cordeaux is a mountain near Brisbane, Australia and rises 1,135 m. It lies to the immediate north of Cunninghams Gap in the Main Range National Park. It is known to the Aboriginal People as Niamboyoo, however, the meaning is unknown. It appears that early usage on names for the mountain varied, as a 29 September 1897 report in the Warwick Examiner and Times, refers to "the well-known Cunningham&#39;s Gap, with its twin sentinel peaks, Coonyinirra and Niamboyoo".</p><br>
<p>In 1927, the mountain was considered unclimbable. Now a series of graded trails leads to a lookout just below the summit, Bald Rock look-out and camp, a Palm Gorge and the Gap Creek Water Fall. From the summit of Mt. Cordeaux other Scenic Rim peaks can be seen, as can the Fassifern Valley below and the Mistake Range to the north east. Walkers should be aware that there are hazardous, sheer cliffs along the tracks.</p><br>
<p>The first European to discover and name the mountain was Allan Cunningham in 1828. It was named after William Cordeaux who was the assistant to Sir Thomas Mitchell, the Surveyor-General.</p><br>
<p>Vegetation on the lower parts is mostly rainforest. In higher areas montane heath and grasstrees are found. The giant rock lily grows well on the slopes of Mount Cordeaux. The forest is mostly devoid of large red cedar, hoop pine, carabeen, pigeonberry, tulip oak or purple laurel, as Timber-getters in the early 1900s had harvested most of the area of Cunninghams Gap and Goomburra.</p><br>
<p>The first pioneers thought to have climbed to the peak of Mt. cordeaux are a party of five, on 29 December 1910. The party was composed of Mr. T.B. Roscoe of Brisbane, Mr. James H. Bell of Maryvale, and three of Mr. Bells sons. To commemorate the successful climb "T.B.R.", "J.H.Bell", and the date was carved into the summits rock with a tomahawk. This history is disputed as Mr. M.T. OConnor of Tallebudgera and W.M. Garland of Boonah were reported to have conquered the summit on 30 February 1910. They reported observing marks on trees indicating the use of ropes which led them to believe that the summit had already been climbed. However, an earlier report by the latter climber reports their climb to be December of that year.</p><br>
<h2>Gold Mining History</h2><br>
<p>On the current path to ascend the summit of Mt. Cordeaux can be seen the remains of three mining attempts: a horizontal tunnel, a shaft, and an open cut trench. The latter two remains are presently fenced. On 20 February 1933, the lease holders of the mining operation applied for exemption from working conditions to construct a traffic-able road to the lease. At that time a considerable amount of work had been conducted.</p><br>
<p>Mount Mitchell , is a twin-peaked volcanic mountain with an elevation above sea level of 1,168 m, located in the Main Range, is about 100 km west of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and immediately south of Cunninghams Gap.</p><br>
<h2>Features and history</h2><br>
<p>The peak to the south of the gap was named by Allan Cunningham in 1828 and today is part of the Main Range National Park. Cunningham named the mountain after the Surveyor-General, Thomas Mitchell.</p><br>
<p>To the north of Cunninghams Gap is Mount Cordeaux, while Spicers Peak is located a small distance to the south east.</p><br>
<p>A trail, classified as grade 4, winds 5.1 km up to the main summit which offers some great views. From the peak on a clear day the tallest buildings in Brisbane can be seen, as can the D&#39;Aguilar Range, Teviot Range, Fassifern Valley and many other parts of the Scenic Rim. At the top of mountain there are sheer cliff edges.</p><br>
<p>Cunningham Highway from Mount Mitchell.jpgCunningham Highway viewed from the top of Mount Mitchell.</p><br>
<p>Mount Mitchell 2.jpgView from Lake Moogerah, 2011.</p><br>
<p>Spicers Gap is a mountain pass that is located 100 km west of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and was the original route over the Great Dividing Range in the area around Brisbane. Today it is included in Main Range National Park and is a popular destination for campers and bushwalkers. To the south of the gap is Spicers Peak. To the west of the mountain pass is Spicers Gap State Forest. Both the state forest and national park are part of the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia.</p><br>
<p>The crest of Spicers Gap is preserved as Spicers Gap Road Conservation Park and is accessible via conventional vehicle from east and west, although in places the road is very rough, and the road through the Park is blocked to vehicles. On the steep passage to the Gap from the east, visitors pass a cemetery, Mosss Well and the site of a former hotel. Mosss Well was named after Edward Moss, a contractor who helped build the original road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Spicers Gap is believed to have been a route for indigenous Australian traders travelling between the inland and the coast.</p><br>
<p>In 1828, Allan Cunningham established the route through the mountains now called Cunninghams Gap. Cunningham named Spicers Gap and Spicers Peak after Peter Spicer, Superintendent of convicts, but didn&#39;t suggest the pass should be used for transport.</p><br>
<p>Stockman Henry Alphen discovered Spicers Gap 7 km south of Cunninghams Gap in 1847. The road through the pass was originally built by convicts during the 1850s and 1860s. This trail became an important transport route from to the coast to the agricultural region known as the Darling Downs. Spicers Gap Road used to carry supplies to and from the Darling Downs, is the best remaining example of sophisticated 19th century engineering in Queensland. An inn was built in the area to cater for travellers. After the railway to the Darling Downs via Toowoomba was established the road was used less often.</p><br>
<p>A good view to the north can be seen from Governors Chair Lookout, a short walk from the car park. Lord Kerr, Lord Scott, Sir Charles Fitzroy and Sir George Bowen all sat on the rock in the early 1850s.</p><br>
<p>Mount Waialeale , often spelled Waialeale in English without the okina, is a shield volcano and the second highest point on the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands. Its name literally means "rippling water" or "overflowing water"</p><br>
<p>The mountain, at an elevation of 5,148 ft, averages more than 452 in of rain a year since 1912, with a record 683 in in 1982; its summit is one of the rainiest spots on earth. Recent reports though mention that over the period 1978–2007 the wettest spot in Hawaii is Big Bog on Maui (404 in per year).</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h3>Climate and Rainfall Statistics</h3><br>
<p>The summit of Waialeale features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af), with substantial rainfall throughout the course of the year. quotes 11,684 mm per year figure as being the 1912–45 average, an average that quite possibly will have changed since then, while The National Climatic Data Center quotes this figure as a 30-year average. The Weather Network and The Guinness Book of Weather Records quotes 11,455 mm rain per year, while quotes 11,680 mm as the average annual rainfall at Mount Waialeale and claims 13,000 mm falls here. Similarly, The Weather Network and the Guinness Book of Weather Records quote 335 days with rain here while suggests that rain falls on 360 days per year.</p><br>
<p>The local tourist industry of Waialeale has promoted it as the wettest spot, although the 38-year average at Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India is higher at 467.4 in. Both Mawsynram and Cherrapunji in Meghalaya are recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as having higher average rainfall. Mawsynram&#39;s rainfall is concentrated in the monsoon season, while the rain at Waiʻaleʻale is more evenly distributed through the year.</p><br>
<h3>Causes</h3><br>
<p>Several factors give the summit of Waialeale more potential to create precipitation than the rest of the island chain:</p><br>
<p>Its northern position relative to the main Hawaiian Islands provides more exposure to frontal systems that bring rain during the winter.</p><br>
<p>It has a relatively round and regular conical shape, exposing all sides of its peak to winds and the moisture that they carry.</p><br>
<p>Its peak lies just below the so-called trade wind inversion layer of 6,000 ft, above which trade-wind-produced clouds cannot rise.</p><br>
<p>And most importantly, the steep cliffs cause the moisture-laden air to rise rapidly – over 3,000 ft in less than 0.5 mi – and drop a large portion of its rain in one spot, as opposed to spreading the rain out over a larger area if the slope were more gradual.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The great rainfall in the area produces the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, a large boggy area that is home to many rare plants. The ground is so wet that although trails exist, access by foot to the Waiʻaleʻale area is extremely difficult.</p><br>
<p>A number of rare local plant species are named for this mountain, including Astelia waialealae, Melicope waialealae, and the endemic Dubautia waialealae.</p><br>
<p>The Brampton Valley Way is a 14 mi rail trail built on the way of the former Northampton to Market Harborough Railway in Northamptonshire, England. It forms what trail managers, Northamptonshire County Council, describe as a linear park.</p><br>
<p>The railway line was closed in 1981 and the 13 mi Northamptonshire section was purchased by Northamptonshire County Council with grant aid from the Countryside Commission in 1987, when work began on developing it as a linear park. The 1 mi section north of the county boundary is owned by Leicestershire County Council although Northamptonshire County Council undertake the management of the complete route.</p><br>
<p>The Brampton Valley Way, from Boughton Crossing in Northampton to Little Bowden Crossing in Market Harborough, was opened in the spring of 1993 and provides recreational access for cyclists and walkers. Further developments to enhance access continue alongside everyday management of the site. The Way forms an offroad section of the Sustrans National Cycle Network Route 6.</p><br>
<p>There are two former railway tunnels on the route, Kelmarsh (322 yd) and Oxendon (462 yd). The tunnels are unlit and so can be quite an experience to travel through, although alternative routes over the tunnels are provided.</p><br>
<p>A section of the Brampton Valley Way runs adjacent to the Northampton & Lamport Railway. The railway is separated from the linear park by a stout safety fence. As the railway extends, so the fence will be erected first to protect members of the public from the works. The Midshires Way passes through the Brampton Valley Way.</p><br>
<p>Fort Monroe  is a decommissioned military installation in Hampton, Virginia—at Old Point Comfort, the southern tip of the Virginia Peninsula. Along with Fort Wool, Fort Monroe guarded the navigation channel between the Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads—the natural roadstead at the confluence of the Elizabeth, the Nansemond and the James rivers. Surrounded by a moat, the seven-sided star fort is the largest stone fort ever built in the United States.</p><br>
<p>During the initial exploration by the mission headed by Captain Christopher Newport in the earliest days of the Colony of Virginia, the site was identified as a strategic defensive location. Beginning by 1609, defensive fortifications were built at Old Point Comfort during Virginia&#39;s first two centuries. The first was a wooden stockade named Fort Algernourne. However, the much more substantial facility of stone to become known as Fort Monroe (and adjacent Fort Wool on an artificial island across the channel) were completed in 1834. The principal facility was named in honor of USA President James Monroe. Throughout the American Civil War (1861–1865), although most of Virginia became part of the Confederate States of America, Fort Monroe remained in Union hands. It became notable as a historic and symbolic site of early freedom for former slaves under the provisions of contraband policies. For two years thereafter, the former Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, was imprisoned at the fort. His first months of confinement were spent in a cell of the casemate fort walls that is now part of its Casemate Museum. In the 20th century, it housed the Coast Artillery School and later the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) until its decommission.</p><br>
<p>Fort Monroe was decommissioned on September 15, 2011, and many of its functions were transferred to nearby Fort Eustis. Several re-use plans for Fort Monroe are under development in the Hampton community. On November 1, 2011, President Barack Obama signed a proclamation to designate portions of Fort Monroe as a National Monument. This was the first time that President Obama exercised his authority under the Antiquities Act, a 1906 law to protect sites deemed to have natural, historical or scientific significance.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Within the 565 acres of Fort Monroe are 170 historic buildings and nearly 200 acres of natural resources, including 8 miles of waterfront, 3.2 miles of beaches on the Chesapeake Bay, 110 acres of submerged lands and 85 acres of wetlands. It has a 332-slip marina and shallow water inlet access to Mill Creek, suitable for small watercraft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land area where Fort Monroe is became part of Elizabeth Cittie in 1619, Elizabeth River Shire in 1634, and was included in Elizabeth City County when it was formed in 1643. Over 300 years later, in 1952, Elizabeth City County and the nearby Town of Phoebus agreed to consolidate with the smaller independent city of Hampton, which became one of the larger cities of Hampton Roads.</p><br>
<h3>Colonial period</h3><br>
<p>Arriving with three ships under Captain Christopher Newport, Captain John Smith and the colonists of the Virginia Company established the settlement of Jamestown of the British Colony of Virginia on the James River in 1607. On their initial exploration, they recognized the strategic importance of the site at Old Point Comfort for purposes of coastal defense. They initially built Fort Algernourne (1609–1612) at the location of the present Fort Monroe. It is assumed to have been a triangular stockade, based on the fort at Jamestown. Other small forts known as Fort Henry and Fort Charles were built nearby in 1610. Fort Algernourne burned in 1612.</p><br>
<p>In the latter part of August 1619, a Dutch ship, the White Lion, appeared off the coast of Old Point Comfort. Its cargo included more than 30 Africans captured from the slave ship Sao Joao Bautista. Traded for work and supplies from the English, they were the first Africans to come ashore on British-occupied land in what would become the United States. Although the Bantu Africans from Angola were considered indentured servants, their arrival is considered to mark the beginning of slavery in America.</p><br>
<p>Another fort, known only as "the fort at Old Point Comfort" was constructed in 1632. In 1728, Fort George was built on the site. Its masonry walls were destroyed by a hurricane in 1749, but the wood buildings in the fort were used by a reduced force until at least 1775. In 1781, during the Siege of Yorktown, the French West Indian fleet established a battery on the ruins of Fort George. Throughout the Colonial period, fortifications were manned at the location from time to time.</p><br>
<h3>Early 19th century</h3><br>
<p>Following the War of 1812, the United States realized the need to protect Hampton Roads and the inland waters from attack by sea. In March 1819, President James Monroe came up with a plan of building a network of coastal defenses. In 1822 construction began in earnest on the stone-and-brick fort which would become the safeguard for Chesapeake Bay and the largest stone fort ever built in the United States. Among the original buildings is Quarters 1, designed as a residence and headquarters for Fort Monroe’s commanding officer. Work continued for nearly 25 years. The fort was designed by the French Napoleonic General of Engineers Simon Bernard, who had been banished from France after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. It features a moat completely surrounding the inner structures.</p><br>
<p>As a young first lieutenant and engineer in the USA Army, Robert E. Lee was stationed there from 1831 to 1834 and played a major role in the final construction of Fort Monroe and its opposite, Fort Calhoun. He resided at Quarters 17. Fort Calhoun, later renamed Fort Wool, was built on a man-made island called the Rip Raps across the navigation channel from Old Point Comfort in the middle of the mouth of Hampton Roads. The Army briefly detained the chieftain Black Hawk at Fort Monroe, following the 1832 Black Hawk War.</p><br>
<p>When construction was completed in 1834, Fort Monroe was referred to as the "Gibraltar of Chesapeake Bay." The fort mounted an impressive complement of the most powerful artillery of the time: 32-pounder guns with a range of over one mile. In conjunction with Fort Calhoun (later Fort Wool), this was just enough range to cover the main shipping channel into the area. (Decommissioned after World War II, the former Fort Wool on Rip Raps is now adjacent to the southern man-made island of the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel, first completed in 1957.)</p><br>
<p>Since 1824 Fort Monroe was the site of a series of schools of artillery. The first was the Artillery School of Practice. The school was closed in 1834 but was revived during the period 1858-60. It was succeeded by the Artillery School of the USA Army, which existed from 1867, until its redesignation in 1907 as The Coast Artillery School.</p><br>
<h3>American Civil War</h3><br>
<h4>1860–61</h4><br>
<p>Fort Monroe played an important role in the American Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union. Four months later, on April 12, 1861, troops of that state opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Five days later, Virginias legislature passed (subject to voters ratification) the Ordinance of Secession of Virginia to withdraw from the Union and join the newly formed Confederate States of America. On 23 May 1861, voters of Virginia ratified the state&#39;s secession from the union.</p><br>
<p>President Abraham Lincoln had Fort Monroe quickly reinforced so that it would not fall to Confederate forces. It was held by Union forces throughout the Civil War, which launched several sea and land expeditions from there.</p><br>
<p>A few weeks after the Battle of Fort Sumter in 1861, USA Army General-in-Chief Winfield Scott proposed to President Abraham Lincoln a plan to bring the states back into the Union: Cut the Confederacy off from the rest of the world instead of attacking its army in Virginia. His Anaconda Plan was to blockade the Confederacy&#39;s coastline and control the Mississippi River valley with gunboats. In cooperation with the Navy, troops from Fort Monroe extended Union control along the coasts of the Carolinas as Lincoln ordered a blockade of the southern seaboard from the South Carolina line to the Rio Grande on April 19 and, on April 27, extended it to include the North Carolina and Virginia coasts.</p><br>
<p>On April 20 the Union Navy burned and evacuated the Norfolk Navy Yard, destroying nine ships in the process, keeping Fort Monroe at Old Point Comfort as the last bastion of the United States in Tidewater Virginia. The Confederacys occupation of Norfolk gave it a major shipyard and thousands of heavy guns, but they held it for only one year. Confederate Brigadier General Walter Gwynn, who commanded the Confederate defenses around Norfolk, erected batteries at Sewells Point, to protect Norfolk and to control Hampton Roads.</p><br>
<p>The Union dispatched a fleet to Hampton Roads to enforce the blockade. On May 18–19, 1861, Federal gunboats based at Fort Monroe exchanged fire with the Confederate batteries at Sewells Point. The little-known Battle of Sewells Point resulted in minor damage to either side. Several land operations against Confederate forces were mounted from the fort, notably the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861.</p><br>
<p>On May 27, 1861, Major General Benjamin Butler made his famous "contraband" decision, or "Fort Monroe Doctrine", determining that escaping male slaves who reached Union lines would be considered contraband and not be returned to bondage. The order resulted in thousands of slaves fleeing to Union lines around Fort Monroe, which was Butlers headquarters in Virginia. Fort Monroe became called "Freedoms Fortress", as any slave reaching it would be free. In the Summer of 1861, one escaped slave named Harry Jarvis made his way to Fort Monroe and insisted General Butler let him enlist. Butler refused because he believed "it wasnt a black mans war." Jarvis replied, "It would be a black mans war," due to the presence of the incoming of thousands of runaway slaves. This marked a sudden shift in the war, and what the outcome would mean for every African-American living in the United States. By the fall, the Army had built the Great Contraband Camp to try to house the families. It was the first of more than 100 that would be established by wars end, and the Roanoke Island Freedmen&#39;s Colony (1863–1867), which started as a contraband camp.</p><br>
<p>Mary S. Peake was teaching the children of freedmen to read and write near Fort Monroe. She was the first black teacher hired by the American Missionary Association (AMA), a northern missionary group led by black and white ministers from the Congregational, Presbyterian and Methodist denominations, who strongly supported education of freedmen. Soon she was teaching children during the day and adults at night. The AMA sponsored hundreds of northern teachers and hired local teachers in the south; it founded more than 500 local schools and 11 colleges for freedmen and their children.</p><br>
<p>Under Gen. Butlers command, Fort Monroe was the site of a military balloon camp under the flight direction of aeronaut John LaMountain. The Union Army Balloon Corps was being developed at Fort Corcoran near Arlington under the presidentially appointed Prof. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe. At the same time, LaMountain, who was vying for position as Chief Aeronaut, had gained the confidence of Butler in using his balloon Atlantic for aerial observations. LaMountain is credited with having made the first successful report from an aerial station that was of practical military intelligence. LaMountain was later reassigned to Lowes balloon corps, but after a period of in-fighting with Lowe, he was released from military service. Lowe eventually assigned regular military balloons to Fort Monroe.</p><br>
<h4>1862</h4><br>
<p>In March 1862, the naval Battle of Hampton Roads took place off Sewell&#39;s Point between the first ironclad warships, CSS Virginia and USS Monitor. While the outcome was inconclusive, the battle marked a change in naval warfare and the end to wooden fighting ships.</p><br>
<p>Later that spring, the continuing presence of the Union Navy based at Fort Monroe enabled federal water transports from Washington, D.C., to land unmolested to support Major General George B. McClellans Peninsula Campaign. Formed at Fort Monroe, McClellans troops moved up the Virginia Peninsula during the spring of 1862, reaching within a few miles of the gates of Richmond about 80 miles to the west by June 1. For the next 30 days, they laid siege to Richmond. Then, during the Seven Days Battles, McClellan fell back to the James River well below Richmond, ending the campaign. Fortunately for McClellan, during this time, Union troops regained control of Norfolk, Hampton Roads, and the James River below Drewry&#39;s Bluff (a strategic point about 8 miles south of Richmond).</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1862 Fort Monroe was also used as a transfer point for mail exchange. Mail sent from states in the Confederacy addressed to locations in the Union had to be sent by flag-of-truce and could only pass through at Fort Monroe where the mail was opened, inspected, resealed, marked and sent on. Prisoner of war mail from Union soldiers in Confederate prisons was required to be passed through this point for inspection.</p><br>
<h4>1864–96</h4><br>
<p>In 1864, the Union Army of the James under Major General Benjamin Butler was formed at Fort Monroe. The 2nd Regiment, United States Colored Cavalry, mustered at Fort Monroe on December 22, 1864, and the 1st Regiment, United States Colored Cavalry mustered the same day at nearby Camp Hamilton. The Siege of Petersburg during 1864 and 1865 was supported on the James River from a base at City Point (now Hopewell, Virginia). Maintaining the control of Hampton Roads at Fort Monroe and Fort Wool was crucial to the naval support Grant required for the successful Union campaign to take Petersburg, which was the key to the fall of the Confederate capital at Richmond. As Petersburg fell, Richmond was evacuated in 1865 on the night of April 2–3. That night, Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his cabinet escaped Richmond, taking the Richmond and Danville Railroad to move first to Danville and then North Carolina. However, the cause was lost, and Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered what was left of the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant at Appomattox Court House the following week.</p><br>
<p>After the last Confederate cabinet meeting was held on April 26, 1865, at Charlotte, North Carolina, Jefferson Davis was captured at Irwinville, Georgia, and placed under arrest. He was briefly confined in an unheated, open casemate until the Union Surgeon John J. Craven recommended more humane care for Mr. Davis. General Nelson A. Miles approved changes and even moved Mr. Davis to more hospitable quarters. He was held at Fort Monroe for two years. Some historians have speculated that his treatment in captivity was intended to be lethal. In poor health, Davis was released in May, 1867, on bail, which was posted by prominent citizens of both Northern and Southern states, including Horace Greeley and Cornelius Vanderbilt, who had become convinced he was being treated unfairly. The federal government proceeded no further in its prosecution due to the constitutional concerns of USA Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase.</p><br>
<p>The Journal of the United States Artillery was founded at Fort Monroe in 1892 by First Lieutenant (later General) John Wilson Ruckman and four other officers of the Artillery School. Ruckman served as the editor of the Journal for four years (July 1892 to January 1896) and published several articles therein afterward. One publication by West Point notes Ruckman&#39;s “guidance” and “first-rate quality” work were obvious as the Journal “rose to high rank among the service papers of the world”. The Journal was renamed the Coast Artillery Journal in 1922 and the Antiaircraft Journal in 1948.</p><br>
<h3>Twentieth century</h3><br>
<p>Over time the armament at Fort Monroe was improved, taking advantage of new technologies. In addition, the fort controlled several sub-installations around Hampton Roads, making the area one of the most heavily defended in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Jamestown Exposition held in 1907 at Hampton Roads, featured an extensive naval review, including the Great White Fleet. Beginning in 1917, the former exposition site at Sewells Point became a major base of the United States Navy. Currently, Norfolk Navy Base is the base supporting naval forces operating in the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Indian Ocean. It is the worlds largest naval station by number of military members supported.</p><br>
<h3>Coast Artillery School</h3><br>
<p>In 1907 the Coast Artillery School was established along with the USA Army Coast Artillery Corps. New buildings were constructed for classrooms and barracks (the library and school buildings completed in 1909). As part of the schools responsibility the "Coast Artillery Journal" was published under the supervision of the commandant. The school operated until 1946 when most of the coast artillery was disbanded, and the school was moved to Fort Winfield Scott.</p><br>
<h4>Commandants list</h4><br>
<p>During World War I and World War II Fort Monroe and Fort Wool were used to protect Hampton Roads and the important inland military and civilian resources. The fort installed the first anti-submarine net in America in February 1917 stretching to Fort Wool.</p><br>
<p>By World War II, Fort Monroe served as headquarters for an array of coast artillery guns ranging from 3-inch rapid fire guns to 16-inch guns capable of firing a 2,000 pound projectile 25 miles. In addition, the Army controlled submarine barriers and underwater mine fields. But this vast array of armaments was made largely obsolete by the end of the Second World War due to the development of the long-range bomber and the refinement of naval aviation.</p><br>
<p>Since World War II, it served as the major headquarters for training soldiers for war. In 1973, Fort Monroe became home to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), which combines the recruitment, training and education of soldiers with the development of operational doctrine. At the turn of the 21st century while as a United States Army post, Fort Monroe supported a work population of some 3000, including 1000 people in uniform.</p><br>
<h3>Base Realignment and Closure</h3><br>
<p>The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission of the Department of Defense released a list on 13 May 2005 of military installations recommended for closure or realignment, among which was Fort Monroe. The list was approved by President George W. Bush on 15 September 2005 and submitted to Congress. Congress failed to act within 45 legislative days to disapprove the list in its entirety, and the BRAC recommendations subsequently became law. Installations on the BRAC list by law must close within six years.</p><br>
<p>Many of its functions were transferred to nearby Fort Eustis, which was named for Fort Monroe&#39;s first commander, General Abraham Eustis, a noted artillery expert.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Monroe today</h2><br>
<p>As several re-use plans for Fort Monroe are, as of December 2011, under development in the Hampton community, plans for its long-term use cannot be yet documented.</p><br>
<p>Fort Monroe has become a popular historical site. The Casemate Museum, opened in 1951, depicts the history of Fort Monroe and Old Point Comfort, with special emphasis on the Civil War period. It offers a view of Confederate President Jefferson Davis&#39; prison cell. Also shown are the quarters occupied by 1st Lt. Robert E. Lee in 1831–34, and the quarters where President Abraham Lincoln was a guest in May 1862. A uniform of the renowned American writer Edgar Allan Poe, who was stationed there in 1828 serving as an artillery regimental command sergeant major, is also on display.</p><br>
<p>The area inside of the moat was to be used for a boarding high school in the year 2016-17. "Buildings once reserved for the school are now fair game for any developer because a letter of intent between the Academy&#39;s organizers and Fort Monroe Authority has expired."</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment possibilities</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Monroe Federal Area Development Authority (FMFADA) was established in 2007 by legislative action of the Virginia General Assembly as a public body corporate and as a political subdivision of the Commonwealth of Virginia, to serve as the official Local Redevelopment Authority (LRA) recognized by the Department of Defense. The task of the FMFADA commission was to study, plan, and recommend the best use of the resources that remain when the Army closed the fort in September 2011. The Fort Monroe Reuse Plan was officially adopted August 2008. The FMFADA relies on the expertise of national consultants in the areas of BRAC law, environmental engineering, historic architecture and preservation planning, structural engineering, housing market analysis, commercial/retail analysis, public relations/marketing, and tourism planning.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Department of Historic Resources and the Department of Environmental Quality have major regulatory authority that influences the work.The state took a lead role in planning because most of the land that Fort Monroe occupies will revert to the Commonwealth when the Army closes the fort. The effort was guided by three priorities — keep Fort Monroe open to the public, respect the rich history, and advance economic sustainability.</p><br>
<p>The Authority is an 18-member body consisting of appointees from the city of Hampton, the Virginia House of Delegates and Senate and the Virginia governor’s cabinet, with two specialists in historic preservation and heritage tourism.</p><br>
<p>Virginia historically has given local government strong consideration in determining disposition at that point, such as occurred at Fort Pickett in Nottoway County (near Blackstone) in the Southside region. Given the historic significance of the post, the decommissioned fort will be a good candidate for heritage tourism along with many other historical sites throughout the greater Hampton Roads area. Redevelopment to help offset the economic loss of a base closure is a priority.</p><br>
<p>Fort Monroe is a National Historic Landmark and the moated fort and the 190 historic buildings on Old Point Comfort will be protected with historic preservation design guidelines for reuse. Old Point Comfort is prime development property and some mixed used new construction will be allowed within strict guidelines. For example, before the Army left, the historic Chamberlin Hotel had already been beautifully renovated as a community of retirement apartments.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service and the Fort Monroe FADA have been communicating to identify the best way to achieve a partnership and the park service presented several options. In 2013, Governor Bob McDonnell approved a new master plan to revitalize the site and the National Trust for Historic Preservation cited the site as one of ten historic sites saved that year.</p><br>
<p>In August 2014 only 2 businesses had moved in.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Fort Monroe has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.</p><br>
<p>Hiri is a small, 3-kilometre-wide forested island immediately north of the island of Ternate, in the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. It is located at the northernmost part of a chain of volcanic islands off the western coast of Halmahera. It is a conical volcano which rises to 630 m. Its dominant neighbour to the south is the more active volcano of Mount Gamalama , on Ternate island.</p><br>
<p>This island was used by Z Special Unit (Z Force), the mainly Australian special operations group active in this area during World War II, on April 9–10, 1945, to take the then Sultan of Ternate, Iskander Muhammad Jabir Syah, to safety from the occupying Japanese forces. The Sultan and his family were rowed at night from Ternate across to Hiri Island, where Z Force protected them from the Japanese troops the next day. He and his family were shortly after taken by USA Navy PT boat to Morotai Island.</p><br>
<p>Iklaina  is a historic village in the municipal unit of Pylos, Messenia, Greece. It is situated in low hills, approximately 10 km to the northeast of the town of Pylos. Important archaeological remains of the Late Bronze Age  period have been brought to light through excavations and surface survey by the Athens Archaeological Society and the University of Missouri–St. Louis under the direction of Professor Michael Cosmopoulos. The finds include an early Mycenaean palace, giant terrace walls, murals, an advanced drainage system, and a clay tablet from between 1450 and 1350 B.C. featuring an early example of Linear B writing. Other periods represented are the Late Classical and the Byzantine.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological research in detail</h2><br>
<p>The systematic excavation at Iklaina started in 2006, after a survey which had taken place in the five previous years.The archaeologists located residential buildings, dating to the end of the MH/ beginning of LH period, and to the LK I/II period.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of a large terrace, 23 x 8 m, built in the Cyclopean building system using massive blocks of stone, proved to be particularly important. The “Cyclopean Terrace”, as it was called, supported a large building, of the “megaron” type, with possibly two or even three storeys (called the Cyclopean Terrace Complex). Although this building had been partly destroyed, the excavations revealed some of its surviving parts and defined its architectural form: it was a building complex consisting of three wings, built around a central rectangular court. The movable finds prove that the last phase of that building was the LH IIIA2 period, i.e. about 1330 B.C.</p><br>
<p>During the 2009 excavation period, over 2500 fragments of wall-paintings came to light. A striking fragment is that depicting a ship with three human figures and dolphins, as well as a procession consisting of female figures.</p><br>
<p>This building complex on the Cyclopean Terrace was completely destroyed in LH IIIA2 period and was never built again. New building activity was carried out in the northern part of the settlement, where the so-called Megaron Γ was constructed. This appears to have at least 3 rooms and a porch. A hearth and storage rooms were found. In the buildings of the southern side parts of a particularly elaborate sewage system were also discovered.</p><br>
<p>The most important discovery, however, took place in a dump next to the central sewer, which contained burnt shards. There was discovered a fragment of a Linear B tablet, which was written on both sides. This tablet dates to the LHIIB-IIIA1 period, i.e. around 1450-1400 B.C., which makes it the earlier Mycenaean tablet of mainland Greece.</p><br>
<p>Furthermore, during the excavation period of 2012, an open-air sanctuary was discovered, also unique for that period and for mainland Greece in general. Another important find of the same excavation period was a large rectangular building (Building X), in front of which passed a paved street, of an exceptionally elaborate construction, possibly a processional street, which led the way from the houses of the settlement to the complex of the Cyclopean Terrace.</p><br>
<p>On the basis of the available evidence, it appears that Iklaina was a powerful Mycenaean centre in the LH IIB/ IIIA1 period. The large building complexes, the rich finds, the refined taste and the advanced level of technical knowledge of the inhabitants, attest to the fact that Iklaina could have been the capital of an autonomous small state, which clashed with a neighbouring state at Ano Englianos; the latter subdued the former, and demoted it to a secondary capital of one of the provinces of Pylia.</p><br>
<p>The final destruction of the site seems to have occurred at about 1200 B.C.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Mount Batur  is an active volcano located at the center of two concentric calderas north west of Mount Agung on the island of Bali, Indonesia. The south east side of the larger 10×13 km caldera contains a caldera lake. The inner 7.5-kilometer-wide caldera, which was formed during emplacement of the Bali  ignimbrite, has been dated at about 23,670 and 28,500 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The first documented eruption was in 1804 and the most recent was in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Active volcano and Lake Batur in the caldera</h2><br>
<p>The eruption that brought this volcano to be visible above the ocean is one of the most forceful across the earth. This volcano is marked by a collapsed top, called a caldera.</p><br>
<p>The southeast wall of the inner caldera lies beneath Lake Batur; Batur cone has been constructed within the inner caldera to a height above the outer caldera rim. The Batur stratovolcano has produced vents over much of the inner caldera, but a NE-SW fissure system has localized the Batur I, II, and III craters along the summit ridge. Historical eruptions have been characterized by mild-to-moderate explosive activity sometimes accompanied by lava emission. Basaltic lava flows from both summit and flank vents have reached the caldera floor and the shores of Lake Batur over its history.</p><br>
<p>The caldera contains an active, 700-meter-tall stratovolcano rising above the surface of Lake Batur. The first documented eruption of Batur was in 1804, and it has been frequently active since then, most recently in 2000. The substantial lava field from the 1968 eruption is visible today when viewed from Kintamani, a town on the southwest ridge of the caldera.</p><br>
<h2>Villages in the caldera</h2><br>
<p>The caldera is populated and includes the four main villages of Kedisan, Songan, Trunyan and Toya Bungkah, among a total of 15 villages. The locals largely rely on agriculture for income but tourism has become increasingly popular due to the relatively straightforward trek to the summit of the central crater.</p><br>
<h2>Global Geoparks Network</h2><br>
<p>On September 20, 2012 UNESCO made Mount Batur Caldera a part of the Global Geoparks Network.</p><br>
<h2>Sedimentation</h2><br>
<p>Heavy sedimentation in Mount Batur Caldera decreases the water in the lake. A plan was devised to restrict locations around the lake for tourist accommodations, to inform residents of the problems of fish farm cages in the lake, and perhaps to dredge some of the natural sedimentation from volcanic ash. The lake is subject to water pollution from fishing and agricultural run off, promoting the growth of too many water hyacinths, further worsening conditions in the lake, causing some to wonder if the lake will disappear between heavy sedimentation at the bottom and a dense cover of water hyacinths.</p><br>
<p>Berenice  or Berenice Troglodytica , also known as Baranis, is an ancient seaport of Egypt on the west coast of the Red Sea. It is situated about 825 km south of Suez and 260 km east of Aswan in Upper Egypt.</p><br>
<p>It was founded in 275 BC by Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BC), who named it after his mother, Berenice I of Egypt. Troglodytica refers to the aboriginal people of the region, the "Troglodytai" or "cave dwellers". Although the name is attested by several ancient writers, the more ancient Ptolemaic inscriptions read Trogodytai (which G.W.B. Huntingford has speculated could be related to the same root as Tuareg). It is possible that later copyists confused this name with the more common term Troglodytai.</p><br>
<p>Built at the head of a gulf, the Sinus Immundus, or Foul Bay, of Strabo, it was sheltered on the north by Ras Benas (Lepte Extrema). A lofty range of mountains runs along this side of the African coast, and separates Berenice from the Nile Valley. The emerald mines of Zabara and Saket are in its neighbourhood. The harbour is indifferent, but was improved by art. Berenice stood upon a narrow rim of shore between the hills and the Red Sea. The harbor of Berenice was sheltered from the northeast wind by the island Ophiodes (Ὀφιώδης νήσος, Strabo xvi. p. 770; Diod. iii. 39), which was rich in topazes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Berenice was quite famous and prosperous in antiquity. The city is noted by most ancient geographers, including Strabo, Pliny the Elder (vi. 23, 26, 29, 33), and Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.). Its prosperity after the third century was owing in great measure to three causes: the favour of the Macedonian kings, its safe anchorage, and its being a terminus of the great road from Coptos (now Qift) on the Nile, which rendered Berenice and Myos Hormos the two principal emporia of the trade between Aethiopia and Egypt on the one hand, and Syria and Tamilakkam on the other. The road across the desert from Coptos was 258 Roman miles long, or eleven days&#39; journey. The road was provided with watering stations (Greek hydreumata, see Hadhramaut); the wells and halting places of the caravans are enumerated by Pliny (vi. 23. s. 26), and in the Itineraries (Antonin. p. 172, f.). Belzoni (Travels, vol. ii. p. 35) found traces of several of these stations.</p><br>
<p>From the 1st century BC until the 2nd century AD, Berenice was one of the trans-shipping points of trade between India, Arabia, and Upper Egypt. It was connected to Antinopolis on the River Nile in Lower Egypt by the Via Hadriana in 137. The trade from Berenice along the Red Sea coast is described in the 1st century AD travelogue Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, written by a Greek merchant based in Alexandria. The Periplus indicates that "on the right-hand coast next below Berenice is the country of the Berbers", thereby placing Berenice Troglodytica just north of ancient Barbara. In the 4th century Berenice again become an active port, but after the 6th century the port was abandoned. Under the Roman Empire, Berenice formed a district unto itself, with its peculiar prefect, who was entitled Praefectus Berenicidis, or P. montis Berenicidis. (Orelli, Inscr. Lat. no. 3880, f.)</p><br>
<p>In 1818, the ruins of Berenice were identified by Giovanni Battista Belzoni, confirming an earlier opinion of D&#39;Anville. Since then, several excavations have been undertaken. The port is now nearly filled up, has a sand-bar at its entrance and can be reached only by small craft. Most important of the ruins is a temple; the remnants of its sculptures and inscriptions preserve the name of Tiberius and the figures of many deities, including a (goddess?) Alabarch or Arabarch, also the name of the head magistrate of the Jews in Alexandria under Ptolemaic and Roman rule. The temple is of sandstone and soft calcareous stone, in the Egyptian style. It is 102 ft long, and 43 wide. A portion of its walls is sculptured with well-executed basso relieves, of Greek workmanship, and hieroglyphics also occasionally occur on the walls. Belzoni said that the city measured 1,600 ft from north to south, and 2,000 from east to west. He estimated the ancient population at 10,000. (Researches, vol. ii. p. 73.)</p><br>
<h2>Recent archaeological finds</h2><br>
<p>Excavations were launched at Berenike in 1994 by a team of archaeologists from the University of Delaware led by Prof. Steven E. Sidebotham, with partners from several other institutions and continued until 2001. Work was resumed by teams from the University of Delaware and the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland, in the winter of 2007/2008 and is still continuing.</p><br>
<p>A large number of significant finds have been made providing evidence of the cargo from the Malabar Coast and the presence of Tamil people from South India and Jaffna being at this last outpost of the Roman Empire.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the first find of frankincense was reported and "two blocks of resin from the Syrian fir tree (Abies cilicica), one weighting about 190 g and the other about 339 g, recovered from 1st-century AD contexts in one of the harbor trenches. Produced in areas of greater Syria and Asia Minor, this resin and its oil derivative were used in mummification, as an antiseptic, a diuretic, to treat wrinkles, extract worms and promote hair growth."</p><br>
<p>Grant Park refers to the oldest city park in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, as well as the Victorian neighborhood surrounding it.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>Grant Park is a 131-acre green space and recreational area and is the fourth-largest park in the city, behind Chastain Park, Freedom Park and Piedmont Park. Zoo Atlanta, established in 1889 and originally known as the Grant Park Zoo, is located in the park and attracts more than 1 million visitors annually.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Grant Park was established in 1883 when Lemuel P. Grant, a successful engineer and businessman, gave the city of Atlanta 100 acre in the newly developed "suburb" where he lived. In 1890, the city acquired another 44 acre for the park and appointed its first park commissioner, Sidney Root. In 1903, the Olmsted Brothers (sons of Frederick Law Olmsted) were hired to create a plan for the park. The original park included a lake, named Lake Abana, to handle storm-water runoff.</p><br>
<p>A failed circus gave birth to the eventual Zoo Atlanta when local lumber merchant George Gress purchased animals from the circus and donated them to the city in 1889. The city decided Grant Park was the best location for the zoo and carved space out for the attraction. Later zoo expansions and parking requirements caused the removal of a portion of the lake. In 1892, the circular painting of the Battle of Atlanta was exhibited in the park. The cyclorama would eventually gain its own dedicated building in the park in 1921.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, after years of neglect and abuse, the City of Atlanta Parks Bureau commissioned a new master plan for the park. The consultants working on the plan met with a citizen advisory group that would eventually become the Grant Park Conservancy. The Conservancy works to raise funds to enhance and protect the park for the enjoyment of all its visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>Grant Park, the intown neighborhood surrounding the park, is one of Atlanta&#39;s oldest and most important historic districts, listed on the NRHP. It is bordered by the Cabbagetown neighborhood on the north, Ormewood Park on the east, Boulevard Heights on the southeast, Chosewood Park on the south, and Summerhill and Peoplestown on the west.</p><br>
<p>It includes the park, 48 acres or 35 hectares of Oakland Cemetery (established 1850), where Margaret Mitchell, Bobby Jones, 25 former mayors of Atlanta, six former governors of Georgia, and many Civil War dead are buried. It also includes the Atlanta Stockade; Fort Walker; and the 1858 mansion of Lemuel P. Grant, for whom the park and neighborhood were named. The mansion is the second-oldest house still standing on its original location in Atlanta. The Grant Park Neighborhood Association represents local residents.</p><br>
<p>Together with Inman Park, Grant Park contains the largest remaining area of Victorian architecture in Atlanta. Most buildings were built between the neighborhood&#39;s founding in 1882 and the first decades of the 20th century. Large two-story mansions face the park, more modest two-story, modified Queen Anne houses were built on surrounding streets, and one-story Victorian era cottages and Craftsman bungalows were built to the east of the park.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is home to St. Paul United Methodist Church, which for a time in the early 1900s had the largest Methodist congregation in the Southeast, and which continues to be a thriving congregation. St. Paul is well known for its beautiful stained glass windows and an organ that was acquired in 1887. Each December, St. Paul, the Grant Park Cooperative Preschool (which is located on the first floor of St. Paul), and the Grant Park Parent Network host the Grant Park Candlelight Tour of Homes and Artist Market. There is also a Tour of Homes in the autumn sponsored by the Grant Park Neighborhood Association.</p><br>
<p>Wilsons Peak  1,230 m is a steep mountain in Queensland, Australia which is covered in dense rainforest. It marks the intersection of the Great Dividing Range with the McPherson Range in the Scenic Rim region. The Queensland and New South Wales border fence also leads up the middle of it.</p><br>
<p>Local Aboriginals referred to the mountain as "Jirramen," which is Uragapul for knee. This is derived from the fact that the shape of the top of the mountain bears some resemblance to a human knee. The mountain was named by Captain Patrick Logan, the notoriously brutal commander of the Moreton Bay penal settlement, in honour of a colleague he served with at Moreton Bay.</p><br>
<p>The local Aboriginal tribe used the peak to send a series of smoke signals along the Main Range. The other peaks used for the series of signals are: Mount Roberts, Doubletop, and Mount Mitchell.</p><br>
<p>Mount Wheeler or Gawula is a small mountain situated between Rockhampton and Yeppoon, in Queensland, Australia. It is one of several igneous "volcanic plug" formations that feature on the landscape near the Capricorn Coast. Traditionally home to a group of Aboriginal Australians known as the Darumbal people, it was returned to them in 2007 under the Aboriginal Land Act.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gawula is the traditional home of the Taroombal people. Many indigenous groups from the region would meet at this site to exchange tools and arrange marriages.</p><br>
<p>A confrontation between early European settlers and the Aboriginal Darumbal people reportedly occurred on or near Mt Wheeler, involving a number of Aboriginal deaths.</p><br>
<p>In 1868 gold was found on the mountain. While initial mining was successful, a report in 1887 states that one of the largest gold nuggets in Queensland was found there; the same report also indicates that the mining success quickly petered out.</p><br>
<p>More recently Mt Wheeler became something of a lookout spot for scenic views during the 20th century, and has been used as a Recreation Reserve for bushwalking and mountain biking.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, ownership of the mountain was handed over to 25 trustees representing the Darumbal, the traditional owners of the mountain. The deed of grant to the Gawula Aboriginal Land Trust was the first in the Rockhampton region under the Aboriginal Land Act (1991).</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>According to local historians, Gawula was given the name "Mount Cock’s Comb" by Captain Cook in 1770. However this is not corroborated by Cook&#39;s Endeavour journal or other sources.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was later named Mt Wheeler. Although some have suggested it was named after Frederick Wheeler, an inspector with the Native Police, who is alleged to have been involved in a massacre of Aboriginal people at the site, forcing them to jump off the cliffs by the hundreds - archival evidence suggests it was more likely named such after Gold Commissioner John Wheeler who worked in the area during the 1860s.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features</h2><br>
<p>Gawula is a steep-sided volcanic plug, similar to other surrounding mountains like Mount Jim Crow and Pine Mountain.</p><br>
<p>There are large cliffs on its western face. On the south-east face is a type of soft rock which has formed into many huge caverns and overhangs. Mount Wheeler stands at approximately 365 m high.</p><br>
<p>The Kirtland Temple is a National Historic Landmark in Kirtland, Ohio, United States, on the eastern edge of the Cleveland metropolitan area. Owned and operated by the Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints , the house of worship was the first temple to be built by adherents of the Latter Day Saint movement. The design mixes Federal, Greek Revival and Gothic Revival architectural styles.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Each year tens of thousands take tours of the temple. Members of various Latter Day Saint denominations also travel to the temple where the Community of Christ allows them to hold 50 to 60 worship services and educational events each year. There are also community Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve, and Holy Week services that are held at the temple each year.</p><br>
<p>A Spiritual Formation and Visitors&#39; Center has been constructed by the Community of Christ. The center, opened in March 2007 and dedicated on June 9, 2007, enhances the worship, educational, and administrative ministries of the temple by providing classroom space, worship space, a multi-use theater and offices.</p><br>
<p>The center features the Kirtland Temple Museum with historical and contemporary exhibits relating to the temple, early important leaders, the Latter Day Saint Movement, and the Community of Christ today. There is also a museum gift shop. A historic cemetery and gardens are located outside the temple.</p><br>
<p>The center&#39;s basic layout has been described by some as reflecting a dove. The center reflects various characteristics of the temple in its visual appearance. Each day at 1pm in the Spiritual Formation Center the Daily Prayer for Peace is held based on the Daily Prayer for Peace at the Independence Temple.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in 1831, members of the Latter Day Saints (Mormon) under the direction of the prophet and president( Joseph Smith) began to gather in the Kirtland area. In December 1832 Smith reported to have received a revelation that called for the construction of a house of worship, education, and order. On May 6, 1833, Smith reported that he had received a revelation from God, directing members of the church to construct "a house... wholly dedicated unto the Lord for the work of the presidency," "dedicated unto the Lord from the foundation thereof, according to the order of the priesthood." Directions were given to build a "lower court and a higher court," and a promise given that the Lord&#39;s "glory shall be there, and presence shall be there." (LDS Doctrine & Covenants RLDS Doctrine and Covenants Section 91:3). This building which would have sat next to the Kirtland Temple was never started, nor the third building which was to be a house for the printing operations of the church. Instead the functions of this office building ended up in the attic of the Kirtland Temple. The date of this document is also in question as it makes reference to the Kirtland Temple which is described in the following section of the Doctrine Covenants and dated June 1, 1833.</p><br>
<p>Construction commenced soon thereafter, quarrying Berea sandstone from the base of Gildersleeve Mountain, and gathering lumber from the surrounding area, particularly from the gravel pits on the other side of Gildersleeve mountain along Hobart Road.</p><br>
<p>Church members donated labor and building materials, including glass and pottery which was ground up into the stucco.</p><br>
<p>The Kirtland Temple was not originally white on the exterior as it is today. The original exterior was a bluish-gray according to Truman Coe, a local minister in the 1830s. The roof is believed to have been red, and the front doors olive green. Presently, only the doors are the original color.</p><br>
<p>The first structure of its kind to be built by the Latter Day Saint movement, the Kirtland Temple is different in purpose from the Nauvoo temple built in the 1840s. It is different in both design and purpose from the temples built by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) portion of the movement in latter years as they embraced and grew from Nauvoo temple theology.</p><br>
<p>The lower inner court is used primarily for various worship services. It has two sets of pulpits, one set on either end, and the pews featured an adjustable design which allowed the audience to face either end. The second floor was designed for education, and was to house a school for church leaders known as the "School of Mine Apostles" (See School of the Prophets). Use of the third floor alternated use between general academic classes during the day, Church quorum meetings in the evenings, the Kirtland Theological Institution, the School of the Elders (possibly an enlargement of the school of the prophets, and may have been destined to become the school of mine apostles), Church offices, including that of Smith, were also located on the third floor. At the time of construction, none of the ordinances associated with LDS temple worship, such as baptism by proxy, had been instituted.</p><br>
<p>Truman O. Angell recorded in his journal that about this time Frederick G. Williams, one of President Smith&#39;s counselors, came into the temple one day during construction and related the following:</p><br>
<p>Joseph received the word of the Lord for him to take his two counselors, Frederick G. Williams and Sidney Rigdon, and come before the Lord and He would show them the plan or model of the house to be built. We went upon our knees, called on the Lord, and the building appeared within viewing distance. I being the first to discover it. Then all of us viewed it together. After we had taken a good look at the exterior, the building seemed to come right over us, and the makeup of this hall seemed to coincide with what I there saw to a minutia.</p><br>
<p>According to Leonard Arrington&#39;s economic history of the Latter Day Saint movement, Great Basin Kingdom, the completed temple had cost $40,000.</p><br>
<p>Temples of nearly identical design were planned at about the same time period in Missouri at Temple Lot (in Independence), Far West, and Adam-ondi-Ahman. However, none were built because of the 1838 Mormon War which evicted the members from the state.</p><br>
<p>Many members of the Church were important to the construction of the Kirtland Temple. Of particular note is Artemus Millet. He has been credited by many for providing the method of the exterior wall construction, head mason, creating the mix of the exterior stucco, and as the superintendent of construction for a portion of the work. There is some disagreement as to the question if Millet was baptized before or after his building skills were needed and recommended by Brigham and Joseph Young. Either way, he was baptized by Brigham Young and Confirmed by Joseph Young while in Canada, and Millet came afterwards to help provide methods, labor, and financial support for the building of the Kirtland Temple.</p><br>
<h2>Dedication</h2><br>
<p>The temple was dedicated in a seven-hour service on March 27, 1836. A reported "one thousand persons" attended the gathering, which introduced such traditional dedication rites as the Hosanna Shout and singing of W. W. Phelpss hymn "The Spirit of God Like a Fire Is Burning." Following a two-and-a-half hour sermon given by church leader Sidney Rigdon, Smith offered a dedicatory prayer that had been prepared by a committee of church leaders, Oliver Cowderys Kirtland, Ohio Sketch Book as reprinted in</p><br>
<p>BYU Studies 12:4 (1972). "This day our school did not keep, we prepared for the dedication of the Lords house. I met in the presidents room, pres. J. Smith, jr. S. Rigdon, my brother W. A. Cowdery & Elder W. Parrish, and assisted in writing a prayer for the dedication of the house." which he indicated was given to him by revelation. Two other church leaders, Brigham Young and David W. Patten, were reported to have been inspired to speak in tongues following the prayer. Truman O. Angell recorded in his journal the following account:</p><br>
<p>When about midway during the prayer, there was a glorious sensation passed through the house; and we, having our heads bowed in prayer, felt a sensation very elevating to the soul. At the close of the prayer, F. G. Williams being in the upper east stand- -Joseph being in the speaking stand next below--rose and testified that midway during the prayer an holy angel came and seated himself in the stand. When the afternoon meeting assembled, Joseph, feeling very much elated, arose the first thing and said the personage who had appeared in the morning was the Angel Peter come to accept the dedication.</p><br>
<h2>Visions and miracles</h2><br>
<p>On January 21, 1836, before the temple was completed, Smith reported the first of several visions received at the temple. As he and his associates performed a feet washing and anointing ritual, he saw "the celestial kingdom of God, and the glory thereof... the blazing throne of God, whereon was seated the Father and the Son." Smith also reported seeing Adam, Abraham, and three family members, only one of which had previously died; this experience of Smith was canonized by the LDS Church as revelation and published as of the Doctrine and Covenants for the first time in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Not long after the dedication, several more visions were reported. On April 3, Smith had his scribe, Warren Cowdery, write down in his personal journal an account of a spiritual experience Smith and Oliver Cowdery had while praying in the pulpits. In this experience Joseph states that he and Oliver saw Jesus Christ "standing upon the breastwork of the pulpit." According to Smiths account, Christ accepted the churchs dedication of the temple, and promised blessings according to their obedience. Following the conclusion of this vision of Christ, the account goes on to tell of Smith and Cowdery then receiving visions of Moses, Elias and Elijah. The account in Smiths journal is the only known telling of this occurrence during Smiths lifetime. The LDS Church canonized it as of their Doctrine and Covenants in 1876.</p><br>
<h2>Shifting ownership</h2><br>
<p>Smiths time in Kirtland after the temple came into use was limited. In 1837, he became involved with the foundation of a bank known as the Kirtland Safety Society. The failure of this bank was a factor that caused a schism among Latter Day Saints in Kirtland. The dissenters were led by Warren Parrish, Smiths former secretary, and included Martin Harris, one of the Three Witnesses of the Book of Mormon. Parrishs group took control of the temple and other church property. By the beginning of 1838, Smith was forced to flee the state, relocating to Far West, Missouri with hundreds of loyalists. After the Mormons moved west in 1838, the Temple was used by the Western Reserve Teachers Seminary. Parrish&#39;s group dissolved and by 1841 the remaining Latter Day Saints in Kirtland had come back into communion with the main body of the church, which had subsequently relocated to Nauvoo, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>A period of confusion followed the assassination of Smith in 1844 as rival leaders and factions vied for control of the temple. In 1845, the Kirtland Latter Day Saints under the leadership of S. B. Stoddard, Leonard Rich and Jacob Bump organized their own church in opposition to those of Brigham Young, James J. Strang and other leaders. This group later merged with a faction led by William E. McLellin whose president was David Whitmer, one of the Three Witnesses.</p><br>
<p>By 1848, another Latter Day Saint faction led by Hazen Aldrich and James Collin Brewster was organized in Kirtland and maintained control of the temple. This faction also dissolved and most of the members who were in Kirtland eventually joined the Community of Christ (then known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, adding the word Reorganized to their name in 1872) led by Joseph Smith III. In 1860, a probate court in Ohio sold the Kirtland Temple as a means of paying off some debts owned by Joseph Smith&#39;s estate. Joseph Smith III and Mark Hill Forscutt purchased a quitclaim deed to the temple in 1874.</p><br>
<p>In 1880, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church, now known as the Community of Christ) began the Kirtland Temple Suit, in an attempt to gain clear legal title to the temple. The court opinion stated that the RLDS Church was the lawful successor of the original church, but ultimately dismissed the case. Although the case had no legal bearing, the Community of Christ secured ownership of the temple through adverse possession by at least 1901.</p><br>
<p>The local RLDS congregation met in the building on a regular basis for Sunday worship until the 1950s. Due to preservation concerns, a new church was built across the street (for the congregation) and the temple saw more direct management and funding from the world church. Today, the building is used for approximately 50 to 60 worship services, classes, retreats and other special events throughout the year primarily by various Latter Day Saint denominations.</p><br>
<p>Unlike the later built Nauvoo Temple, the Kirtland Temple was never destroyed or burned down. The same stones from the original construction are still in place today. Although the majority of church members left the Kirtland area for Missouri in 1838, the Kirtland Temple was never completely abandoned by the church. From its inception to the present day it has always been in the possession of members of the original and schismatic Latter Day Saint movements. It has been a place of worship and a symbol of the movement since it was dedicated in 1836.</p><br>
<p>E. Cecil McGavin says the temple was used as a barn for their animals. "The... beneficiaries of the Mormon exodus from Ohio did not need a house of worship as large as the temple, so they used it as a barn. They made a sloping driveway into the basement, using that large room as a shelter for the milch cows of the community during the winter months", "while they filled the ground floor room with sheep"</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Truman O. Angell, Our Pioneer Heritage 10 (1967):195-213.</p><br>
<p>Marilyn Chiat, North American Churches. Lincolnwood, IL: Publications International, Ltd., 2004.</p><br>
<p>David J. Howlett, Kirtland Temple: The Biography of a Shared Mormon Space. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2014.</p><br>
<p>Roger Launius, The Kirtland Temple: A Historical Narrative. Independence, Missouri: Herald Publishing House, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Elwin C. Robison, The First Mormon Temple: Design, Construction, and Historic Context of the Kirtland Temple, Provo, UT: BYU Press, 1997.</p><br>
<p>Mount Entoto  is the highest peak overlooking the city of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, and has views of the city. It reaches 3,200 meters above sea level and is part of the Entoto mountain chain.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It is a historical place where Emperor Menelik II resided and built his palace, when he came from Ankober and founded Addis Ababa. It is considered a sacred mountain and has many monasteries. Mount Entoto is also the location of a number of celebrated churches, including Saint Raguel and Saint Mary.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is densely covered by eucalyptus trees that were imported from Australia during the reign of Menelik II, and mostly planted during Emperor Haile Selassie&#39;s reign. Thus, it is sometimes referred to as the "lung of Addis Ababa". The forest on the mountain is an important source of firewood for the city. It was also a source of building material in earlier times.</p><br>
<p>The Ethiopian Heritage Trust, a non-profit, non-governmental organization, is working actively to change part of the mountain to its old state, a natural park. Entoto Natural Park is the northeastern rim of Addis Abeba, on the southeastern slopes of Mt. Entoto, covering an area of 1,300 hectares. It is situated at an altitude of between 2,600 and 3,100 meters. Its annual average rainfall and temperature are 1200 mm and 14°C, respectively. The northern rim of the park serves as a watershed between the Abay (Blue Nile) and Awash rivers.</p><br>
<p>The Ethiopian Space Science Society has an observatory on the 3,200 m summit.</p><br>
<p>Padanaram is a coastal village in South Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States. As the Boston Globe stated, "Its where life slows down." The Buzzards Bay swing bridge which opens every hour to allow the many sailboats to pass in and out of the harbor literally slows things down. Locals and visitors alike find the charm in this purposeful pause as this is the quintessential capturing of life in this coastal village. Padanaram is part of Southern New Englands Farm Coast, and the Coastal Wine Trail. It lies along Buzzards Bay with Martha&#39;s Vineyard, Nantucket, and Cuttyhunk Island off its coast.</p><br>
<p>The village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Padanaram Village Historic District. The historic district is roughly bounded by Elm, Water, Middle, High, Pleasant, Prospect, Hill, School, Fremont, and Bridge Streets. The district features Colonial Revival, Late Victorian, and Federal architecture and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>South Dartmouth is also part of the South Coast, a region of southeastern Massachusetts bordering Buzzards Bay. A monthly magazine named SOCO keeps abreast of trends, news, and local happenings. The daily newspaper is South Coast Today. According to the 2010 United States Census Bureau, South Dartmouth has a population of 11,320 residents with a median household income of $100,836.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village of Padanaram was one of many settlements which began cropping up within the town of Old Dartmouth after its purchase from the Wampanoag Indians by members of the Plymouth Colony in 1652. During King Philips War the settlement was burned down and all cattle killed. The only settlers who survived were those who heard a warning and fled either to Russells Garrison or Cooke&#39;s Garrison. Remains of the settlement can still be seen at the foot of Lucy Street. In the mid-18th century it became a shipbuilding center. In September 1778, during the American Revolution, the British attacked nearby New Bedford with a small force attacking Padanaram. The 19th century saw Padanaram prosper as a minor whaling port, as well as home to a large salt works. As these industries died out, "the village" (as it is referred to by locals) became mostly a residential area with several yachting businesses, galleries, eateries, and shops.</p><br>
<h2>Retail and shopping</h2><br>
<p>Amidst its sandy beaches and water activities, Padanaram Village is home to a diverse selection of locally owned and operated retail stores, spa, boutiques, and restaurants. Centered around the intersection of Elm and Bridge Streets, the village lends itself to easy walking and biking for the many upscale shops and eateries. Notable examples include: Floras home decor and clothing, Gigis by the Sea for repurposed furnishings and trinkets, The Woodhouse Shop toys and novelties, 6 1/2 Bridge Street Gallery a local artists cooperative with beautiful painting, photography, sculpture, and jewelry, Nothin&#39; Crazy, Folia, and Details & Design, amongst others.</p><br>
<p>In July the lively sidewalk stroll takes place with children&#39;s events, street tents set up with handmade artists wares, retail shops hold mid summer sales, and music is played. Every December the Padanaram Holiday Festival has costumed elves decorating and lighting the main streets of the village and boats in the harbor, while shops and eateries participate in evening happenings for a wonderfully warm, family event. Apponagansett Farm on Elm Street is a community sponsored agriculture (CSA) operating most of the year.</p><br>
<p>The villages restaurants are locally inspired with indoor / outdoor seating including The Sail Loft with live music and direct boat docking. The Black Bass Grille with gorgeous water views; and Beach Plum Cafe offering gourmet breakfast treats at 6 1/2 Bridge Street. For upscale casual dining Little Moss serves local farm-to-table artisanal daily menu creations and cocktails. Quick bites and ice cream can be enjoyed at The Dockside with outdoor picnic tables or The Bucket next to the beach playground where there are evening concerts in the park.</p><br>
<h2>New Bedford Yacht Club</h2><br>
<p>The New Bedford Yacht Club in Padanaram, was founded in New Bedford. NBYC bi-annually hosts the Buzzards Bay Regatta. Its Sailing School for children and adults is open to members and non-members alike. Every Wednesday from June through September is the clubs Sunset Racing Series. In 2002, Llewellyn Howland III wrote The New Bedford Yacht Club: a history&#39;</p><br>
<p>Small Down Knoll, or Small Down Camp, is a Bronze Age hill fort near Evercreech in Somerset, England. The hill is on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills, and rises to 222 m .</p><br>
<p>Finds of flints indicate a prehistoric Mesolithic occupation.</p><br>
<p>The fort has multiple ramparts (multivallate) following the contours of the hilltop, enclosing an area of about 2.4 ha (6 acres). Most of the perimeter is a double rampart, but the flatter eastern side has an extra counterscarp rampart with well-defined double ditches. There are two entrances to the south-east: one is a simple opening with evidence of a guardhouse; and the other shows linear features of a holloway.</p><br>
<p>The fort contains about 14 round barrows (tumuli), which form a line of burials running east-west along the crest of the hill. The fort and the barrows appear to be Bronze Age, but excavations have found some Iron Age pottery in the barrows and the ditches.</p><br>
<p>The fort is near the Fosse Way Roman road. The name of the nearby village of Stoney Stratton means on the stoney stone paved road, which implies there was also a local Roman road in the area, but there are no Roman or post-Roman remains on the site.</p><br>
<p>The fort was excavated in 1904 by Mr. H. St. George Gray, the finds included flints, pottery, and burials sites with human remains.</p><br>
<p>The hill fort is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and an Open Access area under a DEFRA scheme.</p><br>
<p>Naqsh-e Rustam  is an ancient necropolis located about 12 km northwest of Persepolis, in Fars Province, Iran. In Naghsh-e Rostam we can see four tombs and one building from Achaemenid dynasty with a group of ancient Iranian rock reliefs cut into the cliff, from Sassanid dynasty; the last important relief is from Elam dynasty and it dates back to 1000 BC.</p><br>
<p>Naqsh-e Rustam is the necropolis of the Achaemenid dynasty (500–330 BC), with four large tombs cut high into the cliff face. These have mainly architectural decoration, but the facades include large panels over the doorways, each very similar in content, with figures of the king being invested by a god, above a zone with rows of smaller figures bearing tribute, with soldiers and officials. The three classes of figures are sharply differentiated in size. The entrance to each tomb is at the center of each cross, which opens onto a small chamber, where the king lay in a sarcophagus.</p><br>
<p>Well below the Achaemenid tombs, near ground level, are rock reliefs with large figures of Sassanian kings, some meeting gods, others in combat. The most famous shows the Sassanian king Shapur I on horseback, with the Roman Emperor Valerian bowing to him in submission, and Philip the Arab (an earlier emperor who paid Shapur tribute) holding Shapur&#39;s horse, while the dead Emperor Gordian III, killed in battle, lies beneath it (other identifications have been suggested). This commemorates the Battle of Edessa in 260 AD, when Valerian became the only Roman Emperor who was captured as a prisoner of war, a lasting humiliation for the Romans. The placing of these reliefs clearly suggests the Sassanid intention to link themselves with the glories of the earlier Achaemenid Empire.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>The oldest relief at Naqsh-e Rustam dates back to c. 1000 BC. Though it is severely damaged, it depicts a faint image of a man with unusual head-gear, and is thought to be Elamite in origin. The depiction is part of a larger mural, most of which was removed at the command of Bahram II. The man with the unusual cap gives the site its name, Naqsh-e Rustam ("Rustam Relief" or "Relief of Rustam"), because the relief was locally believed to be a depiction of the mythical hero Rustam.</p><br>
<h3>Achaemenid tombs</h3><br>
<p>Four tombs belonging to Achaemenid kings are carved out of the rock face at a considerable height above the ground. The tombs are sometimes known as the Persian crosses, after the shape of the facades of the tombs. The entrance to each tomb is at the center of each cross, which opens onto to a small chamber, where the king lay in a sarcophagus. The horizontal beam of each of the tomb&#39;s facades is believed to be a replica of a Persepolitan entrance.</p><br>
<p>One of the tombs is explicitly identified, by an accompanying inscription, as the tomb of Darius I (c. 522-486 BC). The other three tombs are believed to be those of Xerxes I (c. 486-465 BC), Artaxerxes I (c. 465-424 BC), and Darius II (c. 423-404 BC) respectively. The order of the tombs in Naqsh-e Rustam follows (left to right): Darius II, Artaxerxes I, Darius I, Xerxes I. The matching of the other kings to tombs is somewhat speculative; the relief figures are not intended as individualized portraits.</p><br>
<p>A fifth unfinished one might be that of Artaxerxes III, who reigned at the longest two years, but is more likely that of Darius III (c. 336-330 BC), the last king of the Achaemenid Dynasts. The tombs were looted following the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great.</p><br>
<h3>Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</h3><br>
<p>Ka&#39;ba-ye Zartosht (meaning the "Cube of Zoroaster") is a 5th century B.C Achaemenid square tower. The structure is a copy of a sister building at Pasargadae, the "Prison of Solomon" (Zendān-e Solaymān). It was built either by Darius I (r. 521–486 BCE) when he moved to Persepolis, by Artaxerxes II (r. 404–358 BCE) or Artaxerxes III (r. 358–338 BCE). The building at Pasargadae is a few decades older. There in inscription in three languages from Sassanian time on the walls of this place, its considered as one of the most important inscription from Sassanid time</p><br>
<p>Several theories exist regarding the purpose of the Ka&#39;ba-ye Zartosht structure.</p><br>
<h3>Sassanid reliefs</h3><br>
<p>Seven over-life sized rock reliefs at Naqsh-e Rustam depict monarchs of the Sassanid period. Their approximate dates range from 225 to 310 AD, and they show subjects including investiture scenes and battles.</p><br>
<h4>Investiture relief of Ardashir I, c. 226-242</h4><br>
<p>The founder of the Sassanid Empire is seen being handed the ring of kingship by Ohrmazd. In the inscription, which also bears the oldest attested use of the term Iran, Ardashir admits to betraying his pledge to Artabanus IV (the Persians having been a vassal state of the Arsacid Parthians), but legitimizes his action on the grounds that Ohrmazd had wanted him to do so.</p><br>
<p>The word ērān is first attested in the inscriptions that accompany the investiture relief of Ardashir I (r. 224–242) at Naqsh-e Rustam. In this bilingual inscription, the king calls himself "Ardashir, king of kings of theIranians" (Middle Persian: ardašīr šāhān šāh ī ērān; Parthian: ardašīr šāhān šāh ī aryān).</p><br>
<h4>Triumph of Shapur I, c. 241-272)</h4><br>
<p>This is the most famous of the Sassanid rock reliefs, and depicts the victory of Shapur I over two Roman emperors, Valerian and Philip the Arab. Behind the king stands Kirtir, the mūbadān mūbad (high priest), the most powerful of the Zoroastrian Magi during the history of Iran.</p><br>
<p>A more elaborate version of this rock relief is at Bishapur.</p><br>
<h4>"Grandee" relief of Bahram II, c. 276-293</h4><br>
<p>On each side of the king, who is depicted with an oversized sword, figures face the king. On the left, stand five figures, perhaps members of the king&#39;s family (three having diadems, suggesting they were royalty). On the right, stand three courtiers, one of which may be Kartir. This relief is to the immediate right of the investiture inscription of Ardashir, and partially replaces the much older relief that gives the name of Naqsh-e Rustam.</p><br>
<h4>Two equestrian reliefs of Bahram II, c. 276-293</h4><br>
<p>The first equestrian relief, located immediately below the fourth tomb (perhaps that of Darius II), depicts the king battling a mounted Roman enemy.</p><br>
<p>The second equestrian relief, located immediately below the tomb of Darius I, is divided into two registers, an upper and a lower one. In the upper register, the king appears to be forcing a Roman enemy, probably Roman emperor Carus from his horse. In the lower register, the king is again battling a mounted enemy wearing a headgear shaped as an animal’s head, thought to be the vanquished Indo-Sassanian ruler Hormizd I Kushanshah. Both reliefs depict a dead enemy under the hooves of the king&#39;s horse.</p><br>
<h4>Investiture of Narseh, c. 293-303</h4><br>
<p>In this relief, the king is depicted as receiving the ring of kingship from a female figure that is frequently assumed to be the divinity Aredvi Sura Anahita. However, the king is not depicted in a pose that would be expected in the presence of a divinity, and it is hence likely that the woman is a relative, perhaps Queen Shapurdokhtak.</p><br>
<h4>Equestrian relief of Hormizd II, c 303-309</h4><br>
<p>This relief is below tomb 3 (perhaps that of Artaxerxes I) and depicts Hormizd forcing an enemy (perhaps Papak of Armenia) from his horse. Immediately above the relief and below the tomb is a badly damaged relief of what appears to be Shapur II (c. 309-379) accompanied by courtiers.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>In 1923, the German archaeologist Ernst Herzfeld made casts of the inscriptions on the tomb of Darius I. Since 1946, these casts have been held in the archives of the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, DC.</p><br>
<p>Naqsh-e Rustam was excavated for several seasons between 1936 and 1939 by a team from the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, led by Erich Schmidt.</p><br>
<p>The Ijen volcano complex is a group of composite volcanoes in the Banyuwangi Regency of East Java, Indonesia.</p><br>
<p>It is inside a larger caldera Ijen, which is about 20 kilometres wide. The Gunung Merapi stratovolcano is the highest point of that complex. The name "Gunung Merapi" means "mountain of fire" in the Indonesian language (api being "fire"); Mount Merapi in central Java and Marapi in Sumatra have the same etymology.</p><br>
<p>West of Gunung Merapi is the Ijen volcano, which has a one-kilometre-wide turquoise-coloured acidic crater lake. The lake is the site of a labour-intensive sulfur mining operation, in which sulfur-laden baskets are carried by hand from the crater floor. The work is paid well considering the cost of living in the area, but is very onerous. Workers earn around Rp 50,000–75,000 ($5.50–$8.30) per day and once out of the crater, still need to carry their loads of sulfur chunks about three kilometers to the nearby Paltuding Valley to get paid.</p><br>
<p>Many other post-caldera cones and craters are located within the caldera or along its rim. The largest concentration of post-caldera cones run east-west across the southern side of the caldera. The active crater at Kawah Ijen has a diameter of 722 m and a surface area of 0.41 km&sup2;. It is 200 m deep and has a volume of 36 hm3.</p><br>
<p>The lake is recognised as the largest highly acidic crater lake in the world. It is also a source for the river Banyupahit, resulting in highly acidic and metal-enriched river water which has a significant detrimental effect on the downstream river ecosystem. On July 14–15, 2008, explorer George Kourounis took a small rubber boat out onto the acid lake to measure its acidity. The pH of the water in the lake&#39;s edges was measured to be 0.5 and in the middle of the lake 0.13 due to high sulfuric acid concentration.</p><br>
<h2>Blue fire crater</h2><br>
<p>Since National Geographic mentioned the electric-blue flame of Ijen, tourist numbers increased. The phenomenon has occurred for a long time, but beforehand there was no midnight hiking. A two-hour hike is required to reach the rim of the crater, followed by a 45-minute hike down to the bank of the crater. The blue fire is ignited sulphuric gas, which emerges from cracks at temperatures up to 600 degrees Celsius (1,112 degrees Fahrenheit).</p><br>
<p>The flames can be up to 5 meters (16 feet) high; some of the gas condenses to liquid and is still ignited. It is the largest blue flame area in the world and local people refer to it as Blue Fire.</p><br>
<h2>Sulfur mining at Ijen</h2><br>
<p>An active vent at the edge of the lake is a source of elemental sulfur, and supports a mining operation. Escaping volcanic gases are channelled through a network of ceramic pipes, resulting in condensation of molten sulfur. The sulphur, which is deep red in colour when molten, pours slowly from the ends of these pipes and pools on the ground, turning bright yellow as it cools. The miners break the cooled material into large pieces and carry it away in baskets. Miners carry loads ranging from 75 kg to 90 kg, up 300 m to the crater rim, with a gradient of 45 to 60 degrees and then 3 kilometres (1.86 miles) down the mountain for weighing. Most miners make this journey twice a day. A nearby sulfur refinery pays the miners by the weight of sulfur transported; as of September 2010, the typical daily earnings were equivalent to approximately $13 US. The miners often receive insufficient protection while working around the volcano and complain of numerous respiratory afflictions. There are 200 miners, who extract 14 tons per day – about 20 percent of the continuous daily deposit.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>Ijen and its sulfur mining was featured in the 1991 IMAX film Ring of Fire, and as a topic on the 5th episode of the BBC television documentary Human Planet.</p><br>
<p>In the documentary film War Photographer, journalist James Nachtwey visits Ijen and struggles with noxious fumes while trying to photograph workers. Michael Glawogger film Workingman&#39;s Death is about sulfur workers.</p><br>
<p>The Stanovoy Range , also known as Sükebayatur and Sükhbaatar in Mongolian, or  Outer Khingan Range is a mountain range located in southeastern parts of the Russian Far East. It runs south-west to north-east for over 900 km, from the Olyokma River in the west, to the Uchur River in the east. almost to the Sea of Okhotsk. It separates the watershed of the Arctic Ocean  from that of the Pacific Ocean . For this reason, it was the border between Russia and China from 1689  to 1858 .</p><br>
<p>It is about 725 km long. Its highest point is Mount Skalisty at 2,482 m. The range has many glaciers, which are the main source of the Lena River.</p><br>
<p>The Yablonovy Range may be considered a southwestern extension of the Stavonoy. Before the 20th century, Stanavoy could also refer to a somewhat mythical range along the west coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sanford is a shield volcano in the Wrangell Volcanic Field, in eastern Alaska near the Copper River. It is the third highest volcano in the United States behind Mount Bona and Mount Blackburn. The south face of the volcano, at the head of the Sanford Glacier, rises 8,000 ft in 1 mi resulting in one of the steepest gradients in North America.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Sanford is mainly composed of andesite, and is an ancient peak, being mostly Pleistocene, although some of the upper parts of the mountain may be Holocene. The mountain first began developing 900,000 years ago, when it began growing on top of three smaller shield volcanoes that had coalesced. Two notable events in the mountain&#39;s history include a large lava flow which traveled some 11 mi to the north east of the peak, and another flow which erupted from a rift zone on the flank of the volcano some 320,000 years ago. The second flow was basaltic in nature and marks the most recent activity of the volcano. The flow was dated using radiometric methods.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountain was named in 1885 by Lieutenant Henry T. Allen of the USA Army after the Sanford family (Allen was a descendant of Reuben Sanford).</p><br>
<p>Mount Sanford was first climbed on July 21, 1938 by noted mountaineers Terris Moore and Bradford Washburn, via the still standard North Ramp route up the Sheep Glacier. This route "offers little technical difficulty" and "is a glacier hike all the way to the summit" but is still a serious mountaineering challenge (Alaska Grade 2) due to the altitude and latitude of the peak. The base of the route is usually accessed by air, but landing near the mountain is not straightforward.</p><br>
<p>On March 12, 1948, Northwest Airlines Flight 4422 crashed into Mount Sanford. All 24 passengers and 6 crew members were killed. The wreckage was quickly covered by snow and was not found again until 1999.</p><br>
<p>The first solo ascent of Sanford was achieved on September 19, 1968, by Japanese mountaineer Naomi Uemura, who later died just after making the first solo winter ascent of Denali.</p><br>
<p>Houghton Lake is a large lake in Roscommon County. The unincorporated community of Prudenville is at the southeastern end of the lake, while the unincorporated communities of Houghton Lake and Houghton Lake Heights are on the southwest and west shores. It is the largest inland lake in the state of Michigan, and one of the largest natural inland lakes in the United States . The lake is approximately 7+1/2 mi north to south, and about 4+1/2 mi at it widest point. Houghton Lake has c. 30 mi of total shoreline and its waters cover 20,044 acre. It is an extremely popular resort and fishing area year round. Houghton Lake is the site of Tip-Up-Town USA, a large ice fishing and winter sports festival with several events on the frozen waters of the lake itself. Houghton Lake is named after the first state geologist, Douglass Houghton who explored the area. Houghton County, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan is also named after Douglass Houghton. The name of the lake is pronounced by Michigan citizens as "HOTE&#39;n".</p><br>
<p>The lake receives the waters of spring-fed Higgins Lake through the Cut River and, in turn, is the headwaters for the Muskegon River, which flows out of the North Bay in the northwest corner of the lake. The lake is partially within four townships: Markey Township on the northeast, Denton Township on the southeast, Roscommon Township on the southwest, and Lake Township on the northwest. The lake is mid to late mesotrophic in profile, and is considered to be a warm water, shallow lake, with the average depth being 7½ feet. The deepest spot is a small hole in East Bay that has been sounded to 22 ft, but it is rare to encounter depths of greater than 17 ft in the lake. The lake offers almost every species of game and panfish found in Michigan with the exception of the trout/salmon families, the sturgeon, the muskellunge, and white bass. Common catches include northern pike, bluegill, walleye, crappie, yellow perch and both largemouth bass and smallmouth bass.</p><br>
<p>M-55 follows the southern shore, while USA Highway 127 passes just to the west. M-18 and Interstate 75 pass just to the east.</p><br>
<p>Houghton Lake is notable for the annual winter carnival, Tip Up Town USA, which is held during two consecutive weekends in January. The name for the festival originated from the flag-like devices - "tip-ups", used for ice fishing. The USA was added later. Tip Up Town Badges, required for entry to the Tip Up Town site on the south shore of Houghton Lake, are sold annually at local businesses.</p><br>
<p>Astros  is a town near the Argolic Gulf in the northeast Peloponnese in eastern Arcadia. It is the seat of North Kynouria municipality  and is accessible by the road connecting Corinth and Argos to the south. Its port, Paralio Astros lies 4 km to the northeast of the inland town.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name of the town, built during the Greek War of Independence, is supposed to be taken from the ancient settlement Astron, mentioned in Ptolemy&#39;s Geography.</p><br>
<p>Astros was the site of the Second National Assembly of the Hellenes during the Greek War of Independence, under the presidency of Petros Mavromichalis. This assembly produced the first constitution of Modern Greece.</p><br>
<h2>The town</h2><br>
<p>The town has an elementary school, a high school, two lyceums, a number of churches including one which is situated on a hilltop, banks and a post office. There is a health clinic on the road to Leonidio. There is a number of public squares, the most westerly of which contains a small amphitheater built into the hillside.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Astros is located in east-central Peloponnese. Much of its land is rocky and bushy and unsuitable for cultivation, but there are some farms and groves in low-lying areas near town.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>It has a Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers and mild winters. The rain falls mostly in the winter, with relatively little rain in the summer. This location is classified as Csa by Köppen climate classification.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hamilton is a mountain in California&#39;s Diablo Range, in Santa Clara County, California. Mount Hamilton, at 4,265 ft is a mountain overlooking Santa Clara Valley and is the site of Lick Observatory, the first permanently occupied mountain-topobservatory. The asteroid 452 Hamiltonia, discovered in 1899, is named after the mountain. Golden eagle nesting sites are found on the slopes of Mount Hamilton. On clear days, Mount Tamalpais, the Santa Cruz Mountains, Monterey Bay, the Monterey Peninsula, and even Yosemite National Park are visible from the summit of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On August 26, 1861, while working for Josiah D. Whitney on the first California Geological Survey, William H. Brewer invited local San Jose preacher (and Brewer&#39;s personal friend) Laurentine Hamilton to join his company on a trek to a nearby summit. Nearing completion of their journey, Hamilton, in good humor, bounded for the summit ahead of the rest of the men and claimed his stake. In fact, Brewer suggested the mountain be named after Hamilton only after Whitney declined to have the mountain named after him (a different mountain was later named Mount Whitney).</p><br>
<p>The Spanish name for Mt. Hamilton was the Sierra de Santa Isabel and the highest point was originally known as Mount Isabel instead of Mount Hamilton. William Henry Brewer and his fellow geologist, Charles F. Hoffmann, did not know it already had a name, and named it Mt. Hamilton, although they did place Isabel Valley on their map to the east. The "Hotel Santa Ysabel" was built on the road up the mountain in 1885 on Smith Creek. When in 1895, the USGS realized that the peak two miles southeast of Mt. Hamilton was as tall (4,193 ft), they named it Mt. Isabel.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>These mountains are high enough to receive snowfall in the winter, perhaps up to a dozen times. Occasionally, when a cold, wet storm comes in from the Gulf of Alaska or Canada, Mt. Hamilton and the surrounding peaks get significant snowfall. In February 2001, 30 in of snow fell, and in March 2006, the peak was left with over a foot (30 cm) of snow in one night.</p><br>
<p>The National Weather Service has had a cooperative weather station on the summit of Mount Hamilton almost since the time that the Lick Observatory opened. It has provided a glimpse of the extreme weather conditions that occur on the Diablo Range, especially in the winter months.</p><br>
<p>January is usually the coldest month on Mount Hamilton with an average high of 49.4 &deg;F and an average low of 37.5 &deg;F. The warmest month is usually July with an average high of 78.2 &deg;F and an average low of 63.1 &deg;F. Due to frequent thermal inversions during the summer, it is often warmer on Mount Hamilton than in San Jose. The record high temperature of 103 &deg;F was on August 5, 1978. The record low temperature of 7 &deg;F was on December 21, 1990. The average days with highs of 90 &deg;F or higher is 4.3 days. The average days with lows of 32 &deg;F or lower is 50.6 days.</p><br>
<p>Annual precipitation averages 23.73 in. Measurable rainfall occurs on an average of 71.9 days each year. The most rainfall in a month was 12.13 in in February 1998; no rainfall has been common during the summer months. The maximum rainfall in 24 hours was 6.87 in on December 23, 1955.</p><br>
<p>Annual snowfall averages 10 in. The maximum snowfall in a year was 59.0 in in 1955. The maximum snowfall in a month was 33.6 in in January 1950. The 24-hour maximum snowfall of 14.0 in occurred on February 18, 1990. The deepest daily snow depth was 18 in in March 1976. Measurable snow has been recorded in every month from November through June.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Copernicus Peak</h3><br>
<p>Mount Hamilton is one summit along a mile-long ridge. Other than Hamilton, peaks along the ridge have astronomical names, such as Kepler. The highest peak on the ridge is Copernicus Peak, with elevation 4,360 ft. Copernicus Peak is located 0.8 mi to the northeast from Mount Hamilton, and is highest point in Santa Clara County. Unlike Mount Hamilton&#39;s limited prominence, Copernicus Peak has a prominence of 3,080 ft.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Hamilton Road</h3><br>
<p>The sinuous 19 mi Mt. Hamilton Road (part of State Route 130) is popular with bicyclists and motorcyclists. Built in 1875–76 in anticipation of the observatory, and the need to carry materials and equipment up the mountain in horse-drawn wagons, the grade seldom exceeds 6.5 percent. The road rises over 4,000 ft in three long climbs from San Jose to the mountain top. On a clear day at the summit it is possible to see the Sierra Nevada.</p><br>
<p>Cyclists&#39; fondness for the road relates to the long but not overly challenging nature of the climb, sparse vehicular traffic over most of its length, and spectacular views of San Jose and the rest of the Santa Clara Valley below. There is an annual cycling challenge climb in April.</p><br>
<p>Thanksgiving consistently draws hundreds of cyclists and is frequently the final climb in the annual Low-Key Hillclimb Series</p><br>
<p>which attracts some of the region&#39;s best climbers.</p><br>
<p>Strong regional climbers can attain the peak in 70–80 minutes starting from Alum Rock Road.</p><br>
<p>The 20 mi drive from Interstate 680 to Lick Observatory takes about 45 minutes.</p><br>
<p>The bicycle ride is just over 19 mi from the Alum Rock Road junction. The upward trek is interrupted by two descents, first into Grant Ranch County Park, and again to cross Smith Creek. Quimby Road offers a shorter way from San Jose to Grant Ranch, but is considerably steeper. The main observatory building has water, a few vending machines, restrooms, and an opportunity to warm up on a cold day. If the time is right, there are also free 15-minute guided tours of the Great Lick refracting telescope, and the gift shop may be open.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Much of the foothill slopes of Mount Hamilton is underlain by Miocene age sandstone of the Briones formation: this bedrock is locally soft and weathered in the upper few feet, but grades locally to very hard at depth. Depth to groundwater on these foothill areas of Mount Hamilton is approximately 240 ft. The Babb Creek drainage comprises some of the watershed draining the slopes of Mount Hamilton. The Calaveras and Hayward active earthquake faults traverse the slopes of Mount Hamilton.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology and conservation</h2><br>
<p>Several rare species can be seen on Mount Hamilton. The Mount Hamilton jewelflower (Streptanthus callistus) is endemic to the area. In June 2011, five juvenile California condors flew over Mt. Hamilton and landed on the Lick Observatory, the species&#39; first sighting in the area in at least 30 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, California Department of Fish and Game warden Henry Coletto urged the department to choose the Mount Hamilton area as one of California&#39;s relocation sites under a new</p><br>
<p>statewide effort to restore tule elk (Cervus canadensis ssp. nannodes). Tule elk were thought to have been extinct until a breeding pair was discovered in the San Joaquin Valley in 1874-1875. Although some ranchers opposed re-introduction of elk to Santa Clara County, tech pioneers Bill Hewlett and David Packard allowed Coletto and state biologists to translocate 32 tule elk from the Owens Valley in the eastern Sierra onto the 28,000-acre San Felipe Ranch, which the families jointly own, in the hills east of Morgan Hill. From the three original 1978-1981 translocations to the Mount Hamilton region of the Diablo Range, there are multiple herds in different locations, including the Isabel Valley, San Antonio Valley, Livermore area, San Felipe Ranch, Metcalf Canyon, Coyote Ridge, Anderson Lake, and surrounding areas. Currently an estimated 400 tule elk roam 1,875 km&sup2; in northeastern Santa Clara County and southeastern Alameda County. A 1985 study showed that more than 50% of the tule elk diet were grasses. This is consistent with studies of Point Reyes National Seashore tule elk fecal material which documented that the tule elk preferred grasses and forbs with little use of shrubs such as willow.</p><br>
<p>The Nature Conservancy "Mount Hamilton Project" has acquired or put under conservation easement 100,000 acre of land towards its 500,000 acre goal for habitat conservation within a 1,200,000 acre area encompassing much of eastern Santa Clara County as well as portions of southern Alameda County, western Merced and Stanislaus Counties, and northern San Benito County. Acquisitions to date include the 1,756-acre Rancho Cañada de Pala, straddling the Alameda Creek and Coyote Creek watersheds for California tiger salamander habitat; a conservation easement on the 3,259-acre Blue Oak Ranch Reserve, which abuts the north side of Joseph D. Grant County Park; a conservation easement on the 28,359-acre San Felipe Ranch, connecting Joseph D. Grant County Park with Henry W. Coe State Park; the 2,899-acre South Valley Ranch which protects a tule elk herd in the San Antonio Valley, and other properties.</p><br>
<h2>The community</h2><br>
<p>Mount Hamilton has its own zip code, 95140. It is generally open space with a population in 2000 of 35. Mount Hamilton Elementary is a small one classroom school (closed in 2006).</p><br>
<p>Ternate is an island in the Maluku Islands  of eastern Indonesia. It was the center of the former Sultanate of Ternate. It is off the west coast of the larger island of Halmahera. The city has a population of just under 200,000 on some 111.39 km.</p><br>
<p>Like its neighbouring island, Tidore, Ternate is a visually dramatic cone-shape. The two are ancient Islamic sultanates (Ternates Sultanate and Tidores) with a long history of bitter rivalry. The islands were once the world&#39;s single major producer of cloves, a commodity that allowed their sultans to become amongst the wealthiest and most powerful of all sultans in the Indonesian region. In the precolonial era, Ternate was the dominant political and economic power over most of the "Spice Islands" of Maluku.</p><br>
<p>Today, Ternate City is the largest town in the province of North Maluku, within which the island constitutes a municipality (kotamadya). It is, however, no longer the provincial capital, a title now held by the town of Sofifi on Halmahera.</p><br>
<p>The "Ternate Essay" was a pioneering account of evolution by natural selection written on the island by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858 and famously sent to Charles Darwin. Darwin at once responded by publishing Wallace&#39;s essay alongside his own accounts of the theory.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Ternate is dominated by the volcanic Mount Gamalama (1715 m). An 1840 eruption destroyed most houses. Recent eruptions occurred in 1980, 1983, 1994 and 2011. During the 2011 eruption, Indonesia closed a domestic airport near the volcano for several days following ash emissions that reached 2,000 m into the atmosphere.</p><br>
<p>The foothills are home to groves of clove trees, and climbs to the peak of the volcano can be made. The airport lies along the northeast coastline.</p><br>
<p>Hiri island is a volcanic cone lying off the northern tip of Ternate. Crocodile-infested crater Tolire Lake lies in the northwest and is bordered by sheer cliffs. Ternate beaches include Sulamadaha (on the northern tip), Afetaduma and Jouburiki in the west, and the beach at the village of Kastela in the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Ternate is governed as Ternate City (Kota Ternate) within the province of North Maluku. The city (kota) of Ternate comprises seven districts: (kecamatan):</p><br>
<p>Pulau Ternate (Ternate Island)</p><br>
<p>Moti</p><br>
<p>Ternate Utara (North Ternate)</p><br>
<p>Ternate Selatan (South Ternate)</p><br>
<p>Ternate Tengah (Central Ternate)</p><br>
<p>Pulau Hiri (Hiri Island)</p><br>
<p>Pulau-Pulau Batang Dua</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Sultan Babullah Airport is on the island and is served by Wings Air (Group Lion Air), Merpati Nusantara Airlines, Express Air of Trigana Air. Connections are via Makassar, and Manado via Sorong. In addition there are direct flights to Jakarta on Batavia Air, Sriwijaya Air and Garuda Indonesia.</p><br>
<p>Pelni provides ship connections.</p><br>
<h2>Ternate City</h2><br>
<p>Greater Ternate City (Indonesian: Kota Ternate) spreads 10 km from the airport to Bastiong port. The commercial centre stretches 2 km from the bus terminal near Fort Oranye to Ahmad Yani Port where Pelni ships arrive. It is the largest town in North Maluku province.</p><br>
<p>The current Sultan&#39;s Palace, built in 1796, is partly a museum. The large Fort Oranje, built by the Dutch in 1607, was the home of the Dutch East Indies Company until it moved to Batavia (Jakarta) around 1619.</p><br>
<h2>Cityscape</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-colonial history</h3><br>
<p>Ternate and neighbouring Tidore were the world&#39;s major producer of cloves upon which their rulers became among the wealthiest and most powerful sultans in the Indonesian region. Much of their wealth, however, was wasted fighting each other. Up until the Dutch completed the colonization of Maluku in the 19th century, the sultans of Ternate ruled empires that claimed at least nominal influence as far as Ambon, Sulawesi and Papua.</p><br>
<p>The peak of its power came near the end of the sixteenth century, under Sultan Baabullah, when it had influence over most of the eastern part of Sulawesi, the Ambon and Seram area, and parts of Papua. It engaged in fierce competition for control of its periphery with the nearby sultanate of Tidore. According to historian Leonard Andaya, Ternate&#39;s "dualistic" rivalry with Tidore is a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands.</p><br>
<p>In part as a result of its trade-dependent culture, Ternate was one of the earliest places in the region to which Islam spread, probably coming from Java in the late 15th century. Initially, the faith was restricted to Ternate&#39;s small ruling family, and spread only slowly to the rest of the population.</p><br>
<h3>Europeans</h3><br>
<p>The first Europeans to stay on Ternate were part of the Portuguese expedition of Francisco Serrão out of Malacca, which was shipwrecked near Seram and rescued by local residents. Sultan Abu Lais of Ternate heard of their stranding, and, seeing a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation, he brought them to Ternate in 1512. The Portuguese were permitted to build a fort (Kastella) on the island, construction of which began in 1522.</p><br>
<p>Relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start. An outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, such that the generally poor behaviour of the Portuguese combined with feeble attempts at Christianisation, strained relations with Ternate&#39;s Muslim ruler, as did their efforts to monopolise the spice trade and dominate local politics.</p><br>
<p>In 1535 King Tabariji was deposed and sent to Goa by the Portuguese. He converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to reassume his throne; he died en route in Malacca in 1545. He had, though, bequeathed the island of Ambon to his Portuguese godfather Jordão de Freitas.</p><br>
<p>When Sultan Hairun was executed and his head exhibited on a pike in 1570, Muslim Ternateans rebelled against the Portuguese who were besieged in their castle until 1575 when a new Sultan made the castle his palace.</p><br>
<p>In 1580, the sultan entertained English Francis Drake, who much to the surprise of the Ternateans had no interest in buying cloves as his ship, the Golden Hind, was too full of stolen Spanish-American gold to carry cloves.</p><br>
<p>As the Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean against Muslim Powers raged on, Ternate became a site of interest especially for the Ottomans, who had gained much information about Maritime Southeast Asia from the Sultanate of Aceh, and in fact Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis, the Ottoman Admiral, intended to reach both Java, Borneo and Ternate but was engaged in pitched battle and was outnumbered against the Portuguese Fleet in Sumatra.</p><br>
<p>Spanish and Dutch traders competing for control over the lucrative clove trade played Ternate off against Tidore. The Dutch eventually became the dominant European power although the sultanates were in place almost continually until today. Spanish forces captured the former Portuguese fort from the Ternatese in 1606, deported the Ternate Sultan and his entourage to Manila. In 1607 the Dutch came back in Ternate where with the help of Ternateans built a fort in Malayo. The Spaniards occupied the southern part of the island where they had their main settlement the town of Ciudad del Rosario. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with their Ternaten allies.</p><br>
<p>For the Ternatean rulers, the Dutch were a useful, if not particularly welcome, presence that gave them military advantages against Tidore and the Spanish. Particularly under Sultan Hamzah (r. 1627–1648), Ternate expanded its territory and strengthened its control over the periphery. Dutch influence over the kingdom was limited, though Hamzah and his son and successor, Sultan Mandar Syah (r. 1648–1675) did concede some regions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in exchange for help controlling rebellions there. The Spaniards abandoned Ternate and Tidore in 1663. When they abandoned Ternate, some of the people accompanied the Spanish in their retreat to the Philippines. In the Philippines, they settled in Ternate, Cavite which they named after their homeland. In the 18th century Ternate was the site of a VOC governorship, which attempted to control all trade in the northern Moluccas.</p><br>
<p>By the 19th century, the spice trade had declined substantially. Hence the region was less central to the Netherlands colonial state, but the Dutch maintained a presence in the region in order to prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC was nationalised by the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of the Government of the Moluccas (Gouvernement der Molukken). Ternate was occupied by British forces in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824 became the capital of a residency (administrative region) covering Halmahera, the entire west coast of New Guinea, and the central east coast of Sulawesi. By 1867 all of Dutch-occupied New Guinea had been added to the residency, but then its region was gradually transferred to Ambon (Amboina) before being dissolved into that residency in 1922.</p><br>
<h3>The "Ternate Essay"</h3><br>
<p>In 1858 Alfred Russel Wallace wrote his paper on Evolution here, which he sent to Charles Darwin for his attention. Contrary to popular belief, Wallace had not published a paper on evolution before 1858, nor had he intended the "Ternate Essay" to be published in the form in which he sent it to Darwin.</p><br>
<p>The essay was titled "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type", and in its nine pages it concisely describes the theory of evolution by natural selection. Wallace concludes the essay with the words</p><br>
<p>Darwin at once decided to publish his own work, and arranged for Wallace&#39;s "Ternate Essay" and extracts of two of his own accounts of evolution, to be read at the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Like the rest of Indonesia, Ternate was occupied by Japanese forces during World War II; eastern Indonesia was governed by the Navy. After Japan surrendered in August 1945 and Indonesia declared independence, Ternate was reoccupied in early November 1945 by Allied forces intending to return Indonesia to Dutch control. It became part of Maluku province when Indonesia became independent.</p><br>
<p>Ternate saw some violence in the 1998–2000 sectarian conflict across the Maluku islands, not, however, to the extent of other islands such as nearby Halmahera. As of 2003, former churches and cinemas on Ternate were occupied by refugees from the Halmahera violence.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Ternate lies in a very active seismic region where active volcanic activity and frequent earthquakes are common. Ternate belongs to a group of islands that make up the Ring of Fire, known as the Circum-Pacific Belt. Around 90% of the world’s earthquakes and seismic activity occur in this 25,000 mi arc in the base of the Pacific Ocean. The region consists almost entirely of an uninterrupted chain of volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches, and experiences continual plate movement. There are 452 volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire, accounting for 75% of the world’s dormant and active volcanoes.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Most inhabitants of Ternate are Muslim. The indigenous inhabitants of Ternate speak the Ternate language, which unlike most languages in Indonesia does not belong to the Austronesian language family. It is a Papuan language. It appears to be related to languages spoken in Bird&#39;s Head peninsula in Papua. Ternate is distinct from Ternate Malay, which is a dialect of the Malay language. Most inhabitants of Ternate use Ternate language as first language but will use Ternate Malay for inter-ethnic or trade communication, although the usage of traditional Ternate is declining. Some inhabitants also converse in Indonesian Malay occasionally.</p><br>
<p>The Ivy Club, often simply the Ivy, is the oldest eating club at Princeton University, and it is "still considered the most prestigious." It was founded in 1879 with Arthur Hawley Scribner as its first head.</p><br>
<p>As described by F. Scott Fitzgerald in This Side of Paradise (1920), the club is "detached and breathlessly aristocratic". A more recent account described Ivy as the "most patrician eating club at Princeton University" where members "eat at long tables covered with crisp white linens and set with 19th-century Sheffield silver candelabra, which are lighted even when daylight streams into the windows."</p><br>
<p>The club was one of the last to admit women, resisting the change until spring 1991 after a lawsuit had been brought against the Ivy Club, Tiger Inn, and Cottage Club by the Princeton student Sally Frank. The members of each class are selected through the bicker process, a series of ten screening interviews, which are followed by discussions amongst the members as to whom of the remaining to admit. Current undergraduate members host regular "Roundtable Dinners" featuring talks by faculty and alumni.</p><br>
<p>The first clubhouse was Ivy Hall, a brownstone building on Mercer Street in Princeton that still stands. It had been constructed by Richard Stockton Field in 1847 as the home for the Princeton Law School, a short-lived venture that lasted from 1847 to 1852. From the time of its founding until its incorporation in 1883, the club was generally known as the "Ivy Hall Eating Club."</p><br>
<p>In 1883 the club purchased an empty lot on Prospect Avenue, which was a country dirt road at the time. Ivy erected a shingle-style clubhouse in 1884 on what is today the site of Colonial Club. The clubhouse was remodeled and extended in 1887-88. Following Ivy&#39;s move to new quarters across Prospect Avenue some ten years later, its second clubhouse was used by Colonial before being sold and moved to Plainsboro Township, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Ivys third and current clubhouse was designed in 1897 by the Philadelphia firm of Cope & Stewardson. In 2009, the club completed its most significant renovation to date. The expansion added a second wing to the facility, changing the clubs original L-shaped layout to a U. Designed by Demetri Porphyrios, the new wing includes a two-story Great Hall and a crypt to provide additional study space.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>The following is a list of some notable members of the Ivy Club:</p><br>
<p>Hobey Baker – World War I fighter pilot, member of the Hockey Hall of Fame and USA Hockey Hall of Fame</p><br>
<p>James A. Baker III – Chief of Staff for Ronald Reagan; Secretary of Treasury and Secretary of State for George H. W. Bush</p><br>
<p>Lem Billings – confidante and "first friend" of President John F. Kennedy who was Kennedy’s freshman-year roommate at Princeton</p><br>
<p>Joshua B. Bolten – White House Chief of Staff and Office of Management and Budget director under George W. Bush</p><br>
<p>Philip Bobbitt – constitutional law scholar and author of The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History</p><br>
<p>Lauren Bush-Lauren – fashion model and niece of George W. Bush</p><br>
<p>Joey Cheek – speed skater who won gold and silver medals in the 2006 Winter Olympics and co-founder and president of Team Darfur</p><br>
<p>Leonard S. Coleman, Jr. – president of the National League</p><br>
<p>Frank Deford - author and sports commentator</p><br>
<p>Richard B. Fisher – philanthropist and chairman of Morgan Stanley</p><br>
<p>Moira Forbes—president and publisher, ForbesWoman</p><br>
<p>Bill Ford - Ford Motor Company</p><br>
<p>Thomas F. Gibson – first political cartoonist of USA Today and Director of Communication under Ronald Reagan</p><br>
<p>John Marshall Harlan II – Associate Justice, United States Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Frederick Hitz – Inspector General of the Central Intelligence Agency</p><br>
<p>Arthur Krock – four-time Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist</p><br>
<p>A.B. Krongard – executive director of the CIA</p><br>
<p>Jim Leach – USA Congressman from Iowa and chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities</p><br>
<p>Blair Lee I – United States Senator from Maryland</p><br>
<p>Blair Lee III – Governor of Maryland</p><br>
<p>Michael Lewis – author of Moneyball and Liar&#39;s Poker</p><br>
<p>Allan Marquand – logician whose Marquand diagram was a forerunner of the Karnaugh map</p><br>
<p>Richard King Mellon – financier, banker, and philanthropist who led the urban renewal of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>John Aristotle Phillips – entrepreneur specializing in political campaigns who became famous for attempting to design a nuclear weapon while a student.</p><br>
<p>John Rawls – political philosopher, author of A Theory of Justice, originator of the concepts of original position and veil of ignorance</p><br>
<p>Laurance Rockefeller – venture capitalist, philanthropist and environmentalist</p><br>
<p>Randall Rothenberg – president and CEO of the Interactive Advertising Bureau</p><br>
<p>Saud bin Faisal bin Abdul Aziz – Saudi Arabian Foreign Minister</p><br>
<p>Arthur Hawley Scribner – first head of the eating club and president of publisher Charles Scribner&#39;s Sons</p><br>
<p>Booth Tarkington – Pulitzer Prize–winning novelist</p><br>
<p>Jim Thompson – OSS officer and Thai silk entrepreneur who famously and mysteriously disappeared in Malaysia in 1967</p><br>
<p>Terdema Ussery – president and CEO of the Dallas Mavericks professional basketball team</p><br>
<p>Rodman Wanamaker – arts patron, aviation pioneer, and founder of the Professional Golfers&#39; Association of America (PGA)</p><br>
<p>Woodrow Wilson – USA President, 1913–1921 (Associate Graduate Member)</p><br>
<p>John Gilbert Winant – Governor of New Hampshire and USA Ambassador to the United Kingdom</p><br>
<p>Frank G. Wisner – public servant and diplomat who served as USA Ambassador to Zambia, Egypt, the Philippines, and India.</p><br>
<p>The Israel River, sometimes referred to as Israel&#39;s River, is a river in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, in the United States. It rises in the township of Low and Burbank&#39;s Grant and runs 24 mi generally northwest along U.S. Highway 2, traversing the towns of Jefferson and Lancaster, before joining the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Abenaki people called the river Siwooganock, which means "place of the burnt pine trees". The first name given to the river by English settlers was "Powers River" in honor of Captain Peter Powers (1707-1757), who in 1754 became the first to explore this area. The present name comes from an early hunter and trapper named Israel Glines, whose camp was situated near the outlet of the river. The Johns River, in the nearby town of Whitefield, is named for Israel&#39;s brother John.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Israel River rises near the foot of Mount Adams, at the juncture of Castle Brook and Cascade Brook. With its numerous tributaries, the river drains the northwestern slopes of Mount Adams and Mt. Jefferson in the Presidential Range, the northern slopes of the Dartmouth Range, and the southern slopes of the Pliny Range. The larger tributaries include the South Branch, The Mystic, Castle Brook, Cascade Brook, Stag Hollow Brook, Stanley Brook, Priscilla Brook, Alder Brook (also called Crawford Brook), Red Brook, Mill Brook, Garland Brook (which still turns a working saw mill) and Otter Brook.</p><br>
<p>Major highway bridges over the river include New Hampshire Route 115, U.S. Route 2 and New Hampshire Route 115A in Jefferson, and U.S. Route 3 on Main Street in Lancaster. A number of smaller bridges are provided for snowmobile trails, and there is an old covered bridge on Mechanic Street in Lancaster (closed in 2004 for major repairs and since reopened).</p><br>
<p>Brown Clee Hill is the highest hill in the rural English county of Shropshire, at 540 m above sea level. It is one of the Clee Hills, and is in the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Brown Clee Hill lies five miles north of its sister and neighbour, Titterstone Clee Hill. The highest peak of the hill is Abdon Burf, at 540 metres high with Clee Burf at 510m.</p><br>
<p>Much more of Brown Clee Hill is private land than on Titterstone Clee, and large areas are covered with coniferous plantations. The eastern expanse of the hill is in possession of the Burwarton Estate under ownership of Viscount Boyne, whilst the western fringes of the hill are owned by various private land owners and the parish of Clee St. Margaret.</p><br>
<p>The common land features the remains of where an Iron Age hill fort once stood (See Below).</p><br>
<p>Nearby towns are Ludlow, Cleobury Mortimer, Church Stretton, Broseley, Bridgnorth and Much Wenlock.</p><br>
<p>Several air traffic control radar masts on the summit of the hill can be seen for many miles around. They, along with the ones on top of Titterstone Clee Hill build up a picture of all the aircraft in a hundred-mile radius.</p><br>
<p>A toposcope (recently built) points out local landmarks and is sited at the summit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Several hill forts are dotted around the Clee Hills. Nordy Bank is the last intact survivor of three Iron Age hill forts on Brown Clee. The other two, at Abdon Burf and Clee Burf, have been largely lost to quarrying activity. Nordy Bank occupies a sloping ridge top site and its ramparts are up to three metres high. It was built some time in the British Iron Age first Millennium BC and gives a commanding view of the local countryside.</p><br>
<p>Quarrying was for long the main income of the area, and it was widely known as a dangerous and gruelling job. People would walk to the Abdon Quarry on Brown Clee Hill from as far as Bridgnorth and Ludlow, and often they would tend to at least one other job. They were quarrying for Dhustone (Dolerite), a very hard and challenging material to extract.</p><br>
<p>The Abdon Clee quarries closed in 1936, and by this time the area had become almost industrial, with a concrete plant, tarmac plant in Ditton Priors, plus a small railway to move the stone - and the quarries themselves. If the wind was coming down over the hill it was apparently possible to hear the stone crusher at the top crunching away, even down in Cleehill village.</p><br>
<p>After the quarries closed, a lot of the quarrymen went to work at the Cockshutford quarries on the other side of Brown Clee but the dhustone there was not as good quality and durable as over on the Abdon side and that quarry failed too after a short period. Many of the men returned and worked at the naval ammunition depot set up at Ditton Priors at the start of the war. The quarries totally finished in the 1930s and 40s.</p><br>
<p>Whilst the radar facilities of the Clee Hills protect aircraft, both hills were once a hazard to aircraft, and a memorial, unveiled on Good Friday in 1981, commemorates the 23 Allied and German airmen killed here when their planes crashed into Brown Clee during World War II, in addition to those of a Jet Provost which crashed on the hill in 1969. The first aircraft to crash into Brown Clee was a German Junkers 88, on 1 April 1941. Two Wellington Bombers, a Hawker Typhoon and at least two Avro Ansons also crashed here. It is now thought that there were more wartime crashes on Brown Clee than any other hill in Britain. The engine and other parts of one of the Wellington Bombers are said to rest on the bottom of Boyne Water, Brown Clee.</p><br>
<h2>Views</h2><br>
<p>Konitsa  is a town of Ioannina in Epirus, Greece, near the Albanian border. It is located north of the capital Ioannina, and northeast of a group of villages known as the Zagorochoria. The town was built amphitheatrically-shaped on a mountain slope of the Pindos mountain range from where it overlooks the valley where the river Aoos meets the river Voidomatis.</p><br>
<p>Konitsa acts as a regional hub for several small villages of Pindos, and features many shops, schools and a general hospital. Primary aspects of the economy are agriculture and tourism; it is a popular starting point for tourists and hikers who want to explore the Pindos mountains, or who want to go rafting in the river Aoos or parapenting. Due to Konitsa&#39;s closeness to places of particular interest, such as the Vikos–Aoös National Park, which includes the Vikos Gorge, the Aoos Gorge and the Tymfi mountains, where the Vikos spring water brand is collected, the Dragonlakes of Tymfi and Smolikas and the sulfur baths of Kavasila, contributed to the increase of tourism in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The town itself is known in Greek as Kónitsa (Κόνιτσα), the villages surrounding it are often known as the Konitsochoria, meaning "the villages of Konitsa". The town is known in Albanian as Konicë, in Aromanian/Vlach as Conița, and in Turkish as Koniçe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Middle Bronze Age (2100-1900 BC) the region of Konitsa was inhabited by Proto-Greek populations. Latter in classical antiquity, the area was part of the territory of the Molossians. At the time of the reign of Pyrrhus of Epirus (297–272 BC) a number of forts existed in strategically important positions.</p><br>
<p>The town of Konitsa is recorded for the first time under its modern name in the Chronicle of Ioannina of 1380. The chronicle mentioned that the defences of the castle of Konitsa were strengthened by the local Despot of Epirus, due to an imminent attack. In 15th century Konitsa came under Ottoman rule and became part of the Sanjak of Ioannina. The town was the administrative centre of a kaza (Ottoman district).</p><br>
<p>During the Ottoman period some local Greek landowners converted to Islam to preserve their holdings. These converts formed a powerful and influential group in the area, living in the upper part of Konitsa alongside the Christians. A Greek school was operating already from the end of the 18th century under Georgios Mostras, student of Balanos Vasilopoulos. Greek education was flourishing and in 1906 the kaza of Konitsa had 31 schools and 1,036 pupils. The functioning of the school was interrupted during the turbulent times of Ali Pasha&#39;s rule, however soon after it reopened following the initiative of Kosmas Thesprotos, a student of Athanasios Psalidas. On the other hand, the local Greek population displayed tolerance towards actions by the Albanians that did not reveal chauvinist inclinations. By the late 19th century the town had a Muslim majority population of 62% and was mainly Greek-speaking, while the kaza had a Christian majority. Another part moved to Albania. They were replaced with around 1.000 Greeks from Cappadocia.</p><br>
<p>During the Greek Civil War (1946–1949) the surrounding region became a major battleground, while in December 1947 communist guerrilla units unsuccessfully tried to capture the town. Almost all buildings inhabited by Muslim Albanians in Konitsa were destroyed during World War II warfare. The communists guerrillas had the opportunity to withdraw and regroup to the People&#39;s Republic of Albania and then launch repeated attacks against Konitsa, but were decisively defeated by the Greek army. During the 1950s the Muslim population numbered around 70 families and they further decreased over time to a few families due to conversions to Christianity or migration to their Muslim correligionists in Greek Thrace, in both cases for marriage.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The present municipality Konitsa was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Konitsa (Aetopetra, Agia Paraskevi, Agia Varvara, Aidonochori, Amarantos, Armata, Elefthero, Exochi, Gannadio, Iliorrachi, Kallithea, Kavasila, Kleidonia, Konitsa, Mazi, Melissopetra, Molista, Molyvdoskepastos, Monastiri, Nikanoras, Pades, Palaioselli, Pigi, Pournia, Pyrgos)</p><br>
<p>Aetomilitsa</p><br>
<p>Distrato</p><br>
<p>Fourka</p><br>
<p>Mastorochoria (Asimochori, Vourmpiani, Gorgopotamos, Drosopigi, Kallithea, Kastania, Kefalochori, Kleidonia, Lagkada, Oxya, Plagia, Plikati, Pyrsogianni, Chionades)</p><br>
<p>The municipality Konitsa has an area of 951.184 km, the municipal unit Konitsa has an area of 542.516 km, and the community Konitsa has an area of 54.506 km.</p><br>
<h2>Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Konitsa (Επαρχία Κόνιτσας) was one of the provinces of the Ioannina Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present municipality. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Historical Demographics</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Konstantinos Dovas (1898–1973), Prime minister of Greece and Army general.</p><br>
<p>Saint John Vrachoritis (-1813), Greek Orthodox Saint</p><br>
<p>Eleftherios Oikonomou, former Chief of the Greek Police.</p><br>
<p>Faik Konica (March 15, 1875 – December 15, 1942), writer and ambassador of Albania in Washington, DC</p><br>
<p>Mehmet Konica, twice Foreign Minister of Albania</p><br>
<p>Janaq Paço (1914- 1991), prominent 20th century Albanian sculptor</p><br>
<p>Giannis Lyberopoulos, professor and author.</p><br>
<p>Konstantis Pistiolis, clarinet player and vocalist</p><br>
<p>The Schneeberg, with its 2,076 m high summit Klosterwappen, is the highest mountain of Lower Austria, and the easternmost mountain in the Alps to exceed 2000 m. It is a distinctive limestone massif with steep slopes on three sides.</p><br>
<p>The Schneeberg is one of the Northern Calcareous Alps in the borderland between Lower Austria and Styria, in the eastern part of Austria. It and the Rax (2,007 m), some 13 km to the south-west, are collectively considered the Viennese Hausberge (Vienna&#39;s "local mountains"). The rich Karst plateaux have provided drinking water for Vienna, via a 120 km long pipeline, since 1873, and is claimed to be the best drinking water in the world.</p><br>
<p>On clear days, Schneeberg can be readily seen from parts of Vienna, some 65 km away (as the crow flies) and even from Bratislava in Slovakia.</p><br>
<p>A rack-and-pinion railway, the Schneeberg Railway, now over 100 years old, climbs to a height of 1,800 m, reducing the walk to the summit to an hour or two. There are also a number of other routes for walkers, including from the spa resort of Puchberg am Schneeberg to the east, or from the south, in Höllental.</p><br>
<p>The summit plateau has a number of mountain huts which are visited by thousands of walkers, climbers and even mountain-bikers each year.</p><br>
<p>Crawford Notch is a major pass through the White Mountains of New Hampshire, located almost entirely within the town of Hart&#39;s Location. Roughly half of that town is contained in Crawford Notch State Park. The high point of the notch, at approximately 1,900 ft above sea level, is at the southern end of the town of Carroll, near the Crawford Depot train station and Saco Lake, the source of the Saco River, which flows southward through the steep-sided notch. North of the high point of the notch, Crawford Brook flows more gently northwest to the Ammonoosuc River, a tributary of the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<p>The notch is traversed by USA Route 302, which closely follows the Saco River southeast to North Conway and less closely follows the Ammonoosuc River northwest to Littleton.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The notch became known to European settlers when found by Timothy Nash in 1771. The 1772 boundaries of Hart&#39;s Grant reflected its shape. It was named for Abel Crawford, an explorer, trail-builder and hosteler in the early 19th century. The Tenth New Hampshire Turnpike from Portsmouth was extended through the notch to Lancaster in 1803. The turnpike and later Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad through Crawford Notch opened a new route through the White Mountains for settlers of the area to the northwest to reach Conway on the way to the trading ports on the coast.</p><br>
<p>A well-documented historic event within the notch was a rockslide that killed the entire Samuel Willey family in August 1826. The family fled their home during the storm to a prepared shelter but were buried by the slide and died in a mass of stone and rubble. Their home was untouched. Mount Willey, on the west side of the notch, is named in their memory. Further down the notch, Nancy Brook and Mount Nancy are named for an earlier tragedy.</p><br>
<p>In the Carroll portion of the notch, the Appalachian Mountain Club has built and operates the Highland Center Lodge and Conference Center (on the site of the Crawford House Hotel, a 19th-century grand hotel which burned in 1972), and has renovated the Queen Anne style Victorian-era Crawford Notch Maine Central train depot as a bookstore. The depot remains a stop on the scenic "Notch Train" of the Conway Scenic Railroad, operated seasonally from North Conway.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<p>Grave of Samuel Bemis, first photographer of the American landscape</p><br>
<p>Mount Willard, open summit near center of notch with outstanding views of the notch&#39;s structure</p><br>
<p>Maputo Bay , formerly also known as Delagoa Bay from Baía da Lagoa in Portuguese, is an inlet of the Indian Ocean on the coast of Mozambique, between 25° 40 and 26° 20 S, with a length from north to south of over 90 km long and 32 km wide.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The bay is the northern termination of the series of lagoons which line the coast from Saint Lucia Bay. The opening is toward the N.E. The southern part of the bay is formed the Machangulo peninsula, which on its inner or western side affords safe anchorage. At its N.W. point is Port Melville. North of the peninsula is Inhaca Island, and beyond it a smaller island, "Ilha dos Portugueses" (The Portugueses Island), formerly known as Elephants Island.</p><br>
<p>In spite of a bar at the entrance and a number of shallows within, Maputo Bay forms a valuable harbour, accessible to large vessels at all seasons of the year. The surrounding country is low and very unhealthy, but the island of Inhaca (Inyak) has a height of 73 m, and is used as a sanatorium. A river 3.7 to 5.5 m deep, known as the Manhissa or Komati, enters the bay at its northern end; several smaller streams, the Matola (from the north), the Umbeluzi (from the west), and the Tembe (from the south), from the Lebombo Mountains, meet towards the middle of the bay in the estuary called by the Portuguese the Espírito Santo, but generally known as the English river; and the Maputo, which has its headwaters in the Drakensberg, enters in the south, as also does the Umfusi river. These rivers are the haunts of the hippopotamus and the crocodile. and Dugongs were once numerous in the bay and are rare today.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first european to reach the bay was Portuguese navigator António de Campo, one of Vasco da Gama&#39;s captains, in 1502. In 1544 the merchant trader Lourenço Marques explored the upper reaches of the estuaries leading into the bay. Subsequently King John III ordered the Bay to be named Baia de Lourenço Marques. Lourenço Marques is reputed to have named the bay Baía da Lagoa (Portuguese: "Bay of the lagoon"). In English the Portuguese "Baia da Lagoa" then was translated and slightly transformed to "Delagoa Bay".</p><br>
<p>In 1720 the Dutch East India Company built a fort and factory called Lijdzaamheid (Lydsaamheid) on the spot of Lourenço Marques (now Maputo), since April 1721 governed by an Opperhoofd (chief factor), under authority of the Dutch Cape Colony, interrupted by Taylor&#39;s pirate occupation from April 1722 to 28 August 1722; in December 1730 the settlement was abandoned. Thereafter the Portuguese had—intermittently—trading stations in the Espírito Santo estuary. These stations were protected by small forts, usually incapable, however, of withstanding attacks by the natives. In 1799 the Austrian ship "Joseph und Theresia" of the Austrian East India Company lands at the bay and the Austrians erect the St. Joseph and St. Maria forts. The Austrians are removed from the forts by Portuguese authorities in 1781.</p><br>
<p>In 1823 Captain (afterwards Vice-Admiral) W. F. W. Owen, of the Royal Navy, finding that the Portuguese exercised no jurisdiction south of the settlement of Lourenço Marques, concluded treaties of cession with native chiefs, hoisted the British flag, and appropriated the country from the English river southwards; but when he visited the bay again in 1824 he found that the Portuguese, disregarding the British treaties, had concluded others with the natives, and had endeavoured (unsuccessfully) to take military possession of the country. Captain Owen re-hoisted the British flag, but the sovereignty of either power was left undecided till the claims of the Transvaal Republic rendered a solution of the question urgent. In the meantime the United Kingdom had taken no steps to exercise authority on the spot, while the ravages of Zulus confined Portuguese authority to the limits of their fort. In 1835 Boers, under a leader named Orich, had attempted to form a settlement on the bay, which is the natural outlet for the Transvaal; and in 1868 the Transvaal president, Marthinus Pretorius, claimed the country on each side of the Maputa down to the sea. In the following year, however, the Transvaal acknowledged Portugal&#39;s sovereignty over the bay.</p><br>
<p>In 1861, Royal Navy Captain Bickford declared Inhaca and Elephant islands to be British territory; an act protested by the authorities in Lisbon. In 1872, the dispute between the United Kingdom and Portugal was submitted to the arbitration of Adolphe Thiers, the French president; and on 19 April 1875 his successor, Marshal MacMahon, ruled in favor of the Portuguese. Previously, the United Kingdom and Portugal had agreed a right of pre-emption would be granted to the unsuccessful claimant in case of sale or cession of the bay. Portuguese authority over the Mozambican interior was not established until some time after the MacMahon decision; nominally, the country south of the Manhissa river was ceded to them by the Matshangana chief Umzila in 1861. In honor of the French presidents decision, a beer brewed in Maputo is still today called "MacMahon" or "2M" (Portuguese: "Dois M"). Similarly, the Maputo railway station sat at "Praça MacMahon" (MacMahon Square). After Mozambiques independence from Portugal, it was renamed "Praça dos Trabalhadores" (Workers&#39; Square).</p><br>
<p>In 1889, another dispute arose between Portugal and the United Kingdom over the Portuguese seizure of the railway running from the bay to the Transvaal. This dispute was also referred to arbitration: in 1900, Portugal was found liable and ordered to pay nearly £1,000,000 in compensation to the railway company&#39;s shareholders.</p><br>
<p>Dowth  is a Neolithic passage tomb located in the Boyne Valley, County Meath, Ireland that dates from about 2,5002000 BC.</p><br>
<p>It is the second oldest behind Newgrange of the three principal tombs of the Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Sitea landscape of prehistoric monuments including the large passage-tombs of Dowth, Newgrange and Knowth). It is less developed as a tourist attraction than its neighbours, partly because the chamber is much lower, and partly because the decoration is poorer. It was partly excavated in 1847, though it was pillaged by Vikings and earlier looters long before that.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cairn or tumulus is about 85 m in diameter and 15 m high, and surrounded by large kerbstones, some of which are decorated. Quartz was found fallen outside the kerbing, suggesting that the entrance to this tomb was surrounding by glittering white, as at Newgrange. Three stone-lined passages lead into the mound from the west.</p><br>
<p>The long passage is crossed by 3 sill-stones and ends in a cruciform chamber with a lintelled (not corbelled as in Newgrange or Knowth) roof. Several of the orthostats (upright stones) of the passage and chamber are decorated with spirals, chevrons, lozenges and rayed circles. On the floor stands a single stone basin — somewhat the worse for wear after 5,000 years. The right-hand arm of the cross leads into another long rectangular chamber with an L-shaped extension entered over a low sill. This may be the earliest part of the tomb, later brought within the design of the cruciform tomb. It is floored with a 2.4 metre-long flagstone containing an oval bullaun (artificial depression). Until recently the cruciform tomb was reached by climbing down a ladder in an iron cage, and crawling about over loose stones. Now, access is restricted, and all the features are guarded by metal grilles.</p><br>
<p>A kerbstone with cup-marks, a spiral and a flower-like design marks the entrance to the second, smaller tomb — with modern concrete roof. This tomb has a few decorated stones, and a single, massive right-hand recess.</p><br>
<p>At the entrance to the passage of the cruciform tomb is an early Christian souterrain.</p><br>
<h2>Astronomical alignment</h2><br>
<p>Dowth shares a special solar celebration with neighbouring Newgrange during the winter solstice. Martin Brennan, author of The Stars and the Stones: Ancient Art and Astronomy in Ireland - Thames and Hudson 1983, discovered the remarkable alignment during the course of his ten-year study in the Boyne Valley. From November to February the rays of the evening sun reach into the passage and then the chamber of Dowth South. During the winter solstice the light of the low sun moves along the left side of the passage, then into the circular chamber, where three stones are lit up by the sun.</p><br>
<p>The convex central stone reflects the sunlight in to a dark recess, lighting up the decorated stones there. The rays then recede slowly along the right side of the passage and after about two hours the sun withdraws from Dowth South.</p><br>
<p>Wallasea Island lies in Essex, England. It is bounded to the north by the River Crouch, to the south east by the River Roach, and to the west by Paglesham Pool and the narrow Paglesham Creek. The population of the Island is included in the civil parish of Canewdon.</p><br>
<p>Much of the island is farmland, and wheat is the main crop. A small settlement at its western end is linked by road to the mainland and is home to a campsite and marina. It is linked by a ferry to Burnham-on-Crouch.</p><br>
<p>It is possible to walk for about 8 mi around most of the sea wall. The south side of the island is one of the most tranquil places in Essex, where wildlife typical of open farmland such as skylarks, corn buntings and hares can be observed. Close by, on the opposite side of the estuary of the River Roach, Foulness Island and Potton Island are visible.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Almost nothing is known about the early history of Wallasea. At the end of the last Ice Age it was almost certainly dry land like most of the North Sea basin. Rising sea levels are thought to have deposited the silt and sand which (together with older clays) underlie the island&#39;s soil. Several archaeological features have been recorded on the south and east edges of the island, these are the "red hills" typical of the Roman period and were probably relics of a process of extraction of salt from sea water.</p><br>
<p>Thirteenth-century records mention several places on Wallasea such as Lower Barn and Sherwoods. It is likely that Wallasea was used for grazing at that time and there may have been some arable land too. The origins of the various farms is unclear, though it is known there was a farmhouse at Grapnells as far back as 1546. Saxtons map of 1576 shows that creeks divided Wallasea into three separate islands, and this is confirmed by Camdens description of 1551.</p><br>
<p>In the 15th century these lands were drained by Dutch settlers for agricultural use with the construction of the original sea wall. The population of Wallasea was at its highest in the mid to late 19th century. In 1875 there were 135 inhabitants and there were 13 houses. A school was opened in 1879 and lasted for 20 years. Import of cheap American wheat resulted in an agricultural depression starting in 1875. Most of the island&#39;s population left and Wallasea reverted to pasture.</p><br>
<p>Much of the island was ploughed up during the First World War when the import of grain was made more difficult by German U-boats. Bumper crops of wheat were grown in this period. The island was also under the plough in the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>Over the centuries Wallasea has been flooded in a number of storms. The most catastrophic inundation was in 1953 after which large sections of sea wall had to be rebuilt. The eastern end of the island was one of the last places in the UK to be drained of floodwater. The storm swept away the Tyle House, sometimes known as the Devil&#39;s House, which according to legend was the abode of a demon.</p><br>
<h2>Wallasea Wetlands</h2><br>
<p>On July 4, 2006, a £7.5 million project to convert part of the island&#39;s farmland into mudflats and salt marsh was completed by bulldozing 300m of the sea defence wall, at the points of maximum pressure on the estuary. An area of 115 hectares was flooded, which is evolving into wetland, mudflats, saline lagoons and seven artificial islands. The wetlands are intended to provide winter grounds for wading birds, and ease flood problems on the River Crouch.</p><br>
<p>In December 2008, the RSPB submitted a planning application to Essex County Council for a £12 million scheme to break open Wallaseas remaining sea walls and turn the rest of the islands farmland into a wetland bird reserve. In September 2012 it was announced that work had begun on the Wallasea Island Wild Coast Project under which around 4.5 million tonnes of earth will be transported to Wallasea Island to help create the nature reserve. This will come from the London Crossrail tunnel excavation.</p><br>
<p>Potton Island is a sparsely populated island west of Foulness in Essex, England. It is connected to the mainland by a bridge with a traffic light system, and the road leads to Great Wakering .</p><br>
<p>Unlike some of the other nearby islands which were formerly marshland, Potton Island has been inhabited at least since the Neolithic era. It was home to several arable farms until it flooded in 1884, leading to its temporary abandonment and longer term use as pasture. The island was reclaimed in the 1940s but some time after being acquired by the Ministry of Defence in 1955 it reverted to pasture. It has recently been disclosed (June 2005) that Potton Island was considered by John Major&#39;s Conservative government in the 1980s or 1990s as a potential long term storage site for high level nuclear waste. Local government (Southend-on-Sea Borough Council) subsequently expressed their surprise and concern that they had not been party to any consultation on the matter.</p><br>
<p>Two Tree Island is a small island lying north-east of Canvey Island and south-west of Leigh-on-Sea in Essex, England. It covers 257 hectare and is connected to the mainland at Leigh by a bridge.</p><br>
<p>The island was reclaimed from the Thames Estuary in the 18th century and used as pasture until 1910 when a sewage works was built on it. From 1936, the entire island was used as a landfill site; this was later reduced to a single small site on the island in 1974. It is now a nature reserve, run by Essex Wildlife Trust, and the eastern half is part of the Leigh National Nature Reserve. At the western end are two bird hides; one overlooks a purpose-built scrape or lagoon where waders feed. During the breeding season both waders (including Avocets) and gulls nest here. A nest watch has been organised for some years following a serious case of Avocet egg stealing. On the south side of the island, at the end of the island road, is a sloping concrete jetty, a boat storage area and two car parking areas.</p><br>
<p>Capernwray Hall is a former country house situated 3 miles east-northeast of Carnforth, Lancashire, England, and is currently used as a Christian Bible school and holiday centre. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. It stands in grounds included in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens at Grade II.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The house originated in 1805 for the Marton family, and was named Keer Bank. By 1830 its name had been changed to Capernwray Hall. In 1840 the Lancaster architect Edmund Sharpe had designed a private chapel in the grounds of the hall, now known as Capernwray Chapel. In 1844 Sharpe remodelled the hall for George Marton, retaining its rectangular core. He more than doubled the size of the house by adding a west wing containing dining and drawing rooms, a top-lit staircase, a tower, and Gothic style windows. The tower also acted as a water tower for the house. Later, in 1848, after Sharpe had been joined as a partner by E. G. Paley, a stable and a service block were added to the east of the house. In 1875–76 a southeast block including a billiard room and a clock tower was added by the successors in the practice, Paley and Austin.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>Capernwray Hall is constructed in sandstone with slate roofs. Its architectural style is Perpendicular, and the hall is largely embattled. It is mainly in two storeys. Its plan consists of a north entrance front, east and west wings, and a central range. Behind the north range is a four-storey tower, with a higher turret containing bell openings and a clock face. It is surmounted by a pyramidal roof. The north front has nine bays. The lateral two bays on each side project forward. In the centre is a porch with corner turrets and an oriel window in the upper storey. The west front contains two two-storey bay windows containing Perpendicular tracery. The south front has a single-storey canted bay window. To the east of the hall is the stable block. On the east side is a gatehouse with battlemented towers.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The staircase hall has an open timber roof, and contains a cantilevered staircase and a first floor gallery.</p><br>
<p>The dining and drawing rooms have moulded timber ceilings and contain marble fireplaces. The rooms are divided by an 18th-century wooden screen with Corinthian pilasters. columns and an entablature. It is said that the screen was moved from St Mary&#39;s Church, Lancaster.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The grounds consist of about 70 hectares of land sloping down to the River Keer. There are three driveway entrances, each of which has a lodge. To the southwest of the hall is a rose garden, set out by Thomas Mawson in 1901. To the northeast of the hall is a kitchen garden. The remainder of the grounds are used mainly as pasture.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>During the Second World War the pupils from Ripley St Thomas School in Lancaster were evacuated to the hall, and the grounds were used by the army for storing petrol.</p><br>
<p>On 11 September 1946, the whole of the Capernwray estate went under auction in Lancaster Town Hall, Capernwray Hall being described as "...one medium-sized family residence". On instructions from her husband, Major W. Ian Thomas (who was away in Germany with the British Army), Mrs Joan Thomas attended the auction and finally won the bidding process. Capernwray Hall thus became the property of the Thomas family (subsequently through their shareholding in Capernwray Hall Ltd). Since 1947 the hall has seen continuous use as a Christian centre, originally under the direction of Major Thomas and later by the next generation of the Thomas family, running a Bible school (for approx 190 students) and residential-stay holidays.</p><br>
<p>On 31 March 1999 the majority of the assets and business of Capernwray Hall Ltd were transferred by way of a gift from the Thomas&#39; family into the newly registered charitable company, The Capernwray Missionary Fellowship of Torchbearers.</p><br>
<p>Kea , also known as or Tzia  and in antiquity Keos , is a Greek island in the Cyclades archipelago in the Aegean Sea. Kea is part of the Kea-Kythnos regional unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is the island of the Cyclades complex that is closest to Attica (about 1 hour by ferry from Lavrio) and is also 20 km from Cape Sounio as well as 60 km SE of Athens. Its climate is arid, and its terrain is hilly. Kea is 19 km long from north to south and 9 km wide from west to east. The area is 128.9 km² with the highest point being 560 m above sea level. The municipality, which includes the island Makronisos, has an area of 148.926 km².</p><br>
<p>Its capital, Ioulis, is inland at a high altitude (like most ancient Cycladic settlements, for fear of pirates) and is considered quite picturesque. Other major villages of Kea are the port of Korissia and the fishing village of Vourkari. After suffering depopulation for many decades, Kea has been recently rediscovered by Athenians as a convenient destination for weekend and yachting trips. The population in 2011 was 2,455.</p><br>
<h3>Local Communities</h3><br>
<p>Chavouna</p><br>
<p>Ellinika Kea</p><br>
<p>Kato Meria</p><br>
<p>Ioulis</p><br>
<p>Korissia</p><br>
<p>Koundouros, Greece</p><br>
<p>Otzias</p><br>
<p>Pisses</p><br>
<p>Vourkari</p><br>
<p>Pera Meria</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kea is the location of a Bronze Age settlement at the site now called Ayia Irini, which reached its height in the Late Minoan and Early Mycenaean eras (1600-1400 BCE).</p><br>
<p>In the Archaic period, the island was divided between four city-states (poleis): Ioulis, Karthaia, Poieessa and Koressos.</p><br>
<p>During the classical period, Kea (Ceos) was the home of Simonides and of his nephew Bacchylides, both ancient Greek lyric poets, of the Sophist Prodicus, and of the physician Erasistratus. The inhabitants were known for offering sacrifices to the Dog Star, Sirius and to Zeus to bring cooling breezes while awaiting the reappearance of Sirius in summer; if the star rose clear, it would portend good fortune; if it was misty or faint, then it foretold (or emanated) pestilence. Coins retrieved from the island from the 3rd century BC feature dogs or stars with emanating rays, highlighting Sirius&#39; importance.</p><br>
<p>During the Byzantine period, many churches were built and the prosperity of the island rose. It was Byzantine until, in 1204, it was captured by the Venetians in the wake of the Fourth Crusade. The Archbishop of Athens, Michael Choniates, came here in exile after his city fell to the Crusaders in 1205. It was recaptured by the Byzantines under Licario in 1278. In around 1302 during the Byzantine–Venetian War, it again fell to the Venetians, who built a castle on the ancient acropolis of Ioulis.</p><br>
<p>Kea was taken from the Venetians by the Ottoman Turks in 1537. Along with the rest of the Cyclades, Kea joined Greece following the Greek War of Independence in 1821.</p><br>
<p>HMHS Britannic, the largest ship sunk in World War I, which was the sister ship to the RMS Titanic and the RMS Olympic, sank off Kea island in 1916.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical History</h2><br>
<h3>Orthodox Eparchy</h3><br>
<p>The earliest indication of it as a Greek bishopric is in a list by the Sicilian monk Neilos Doxapatres of the second half of the 12th century and this may have been a later interpolation, since the list of the Greek bishops of Kea begins only at the end of the 16th century.</p><br>
<h3>Latin Catholic residential diocese</h3><br>
<p>In 1330, as part of the Venetian Duchy of Naxos, it became, under the name Ceo, the see of a Latin Church bishopric of Ceo in the Cyclades, which in 1600 was renamed bishopric of Diocese of Thermia (island Knythos), but suppressed in 1650, after the Ottoman conquest. It is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Scuba diving</h2><br>
<p>The island is a destination for scuba diving, with excellent visibility, rich marine life, and wall, cavern and wreck diving. The water temperature ranges from 20°-26°C.</p><br>
<p>The highlight for recreational divers is the wreck of the paddle/wheeler steamship Patris which sank in 1868 and lies at a depth 28 metres. She was a passenger steamer 66 m long, in service in the Aegean Sea, owned by the Hellenic Steamship Co., based on Syros island, at that time the capital of Greece. She hit the reef off Koundouros Bay at Makriopounda, Kea island on 24 February 1868 with about 120 passengers aboard. No casualties were reported owing to the proximity of land.</p><br>
<p>The wreck of the HMHS Britannic, sister ship of the Titanic, located 1.5 nautical mile offshore, is at a depth of about 120 m. SS Burdigala is a recently discovered wreck, 800 m from the island&#39;s harbour, at 53 m depth. Sunk in 1916, she was a 180 m long ocean liner built in Germany by Blohm & Voss</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Simonides (c. 556 BC - 468 BC) lyric poet</p><br>
<p>Bacchylides (5th century BC) lyric poet</p><br>
<p>Prodicus (5th century BC) sophist</p><br>
<p>Theramenes (late 5th century BC) Athenian statesman</p><br>
<p>Aristo (3rd century BC) peripatetic philosopher</p><br>
<p>Patriarch Meletius III of Constantinople</p><br>
<p>Cyparissos Stephanos (1857 - 1917) mathematician</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>Kea is the scene of much of Mary Renault&#39;s novel, The Praise Singer.</p><br>
<p>Lake Norman, created between 1959 and 1964 as part of the construction of the Cowans Ford Dam by Duke Energy, is the largest man-made body of fresh water located in North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>General Information</h2><br>
<p>Lake Norman is fed by the Catawba River, and drains into Mountain Island Lake to the south. It was named after former Duke Power president Norman Atwater Cocke. Lake Norman is sometimes referred to as the "inland sea" of North Carolina; it offers 520 mi of shoreline and a surface area of more than 50 square miles. Full pond at Lake Norman is 760 ft above mean sea level. Interstate 77 and North Carolina Highway 150 cross Lake Norman at different points.</p><br>
<p>Lake Norman provides electricity to the Piedmont region of the Carolinas. It powers the generators at the hydroelectric station at Cowans Ford Dam, is used by the coal-fired Marshall Steam Station, and by McGuire Nuclear Station to cool the reactors whilst generating the steam that drives their turbines. The lake supplies water to Lincoln County, Catawba County, Iredell County, Mooresville, Charlotte, and other towns in Mecklenburg County, particularly Cornelius, Davidson and Huntersville.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Duke Power partnered with the state of North Carolina to establish Lake Norman State Park. It has also built two bank fishing areas and eight public boating access areas along the shoreline. One site is leased to Mecklenburg County and one to Iredell County. Popular game fish in Lake Norman include catfish, crappie, bluegill and yellow perch, as well as striped, largemouth, white bass hybrids, fresh water gar, and breamlong. Lake Norman has also become home to multiple species of wildlife, including eastern box turtle, soft shell turtle, snapping turtle, black (eastern) rat snake and the Northern water snake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Norman is the location for one of the International Jet Sport Boats Association (IJSBA) tour stops. Team Tweek, a race team headquartered in Mooresville, helps promote and coordinate the annual event. It also boasts two yacht clubs: the Lake Norman Yacht Club and the Peninsula Club. There are also many other marinas around the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Counties</h2><br>
<p>Catawba County</p><br>
<p>Iredell County</p><br>
<p>Lincoln County</p><br>
<p>Mecklenburg County</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>Cornelius</p><br>
<p>Davidson</p><br>
<p>Denver</p><br>
<p>Governors Island</p><br>
<p>Huntersville</p><br>
<p>Lake Norman of Catawba</p><br>
<p>Mooresville</p><br>
<p>Sherrills Ford</p><br>
<p>Terrell</p><br>
<p>Troutman</p><br>
<p>Westport</p><br>
<p>Kerma  was the capital city of the Kerma Culture, which was located in present-day Sudan at least 5500 years ago. Kerma is one of the largest archaeological sites in ancient Nubia. It has produced decades of extensive excavations and research, including thousands of graves and tombs and the residential quarters of the main city surrounding the Western/Lower Deffufa.</p><br>
<p>Around 3000 BC, a cultural tradition began around Kerma. It was a large urban center that was built around a large adobe temple known as the Western Deffufa.</p><br>
<p>As a capital city and location of royal burials, it sheds light on the complex social structure present in this society.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement periods</h2><br>
<p>Pre-Kerma (c. 3500–2500 BC) No C-Group culture Phase</p><br>
<p>Early Kerma (c. 2500–2050 BC) C-Group Phase Ia–Ib</p><br>
<p>Middle Kerma (c. 2050–1750 BC) C-Group Phase Ib–IIa</p><br>
<p>Classic Kerma (c. 1750–1580 BC) C-Group Phase IIb–III</p><br>
<p>Final Kerma (c. 1580–1500 BC) C-Group Phase IIb–III</p><br>
<p>Late Kerma – ‘New Kingdom’ (c.1500–1100? BC) ‘New Kingdom’</p><br>
<h2>Kerma and its artifacts</h2><br>
<p>By 1700 BC, Kerma was host to a population of at least 10,000 people. Different to those of ancient Egypt in theme and composition, Kerma&#39;s artefacts are characterized by extensive amounts of blue faience, which the Kermans developed techniques to work with independently of Egypt, and by their work with glazed quartzite and architectural inlays.</p><br>
<h3>Kerma's cemetery and royal tombs</h3><br>
<p>Kerma contains a cemetery with over 30,000 graves. The cemetery shows a general pattern of larger graves ringed by smaller ones, suggesting social stratification. The site includes at its southern boundary burial mounds, with four extending upwards of 90 m in diameter. These are believed to be the graves of the city&#39;s final kings, some of which contain motifs and artwork reflecting Egyptian deities such as Horus. Generally, influence from Egypt may be observed in numerous burials, especially with regards to material evidence such as pottery and grave goods. For example, Second Intermediate Egyptian ceramics from Avaris, such as Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware, have been discovered within Kerma burials. In addition, artifacts such as scarab seals and amulets are prolific, indicating extensive trade with ancient Egypt as well as an exchange of cultural ideas. After the sacking of Kerma, the cemetery was used to host the kings of the 25th or "Napatan" dynasty of the Kingdom of Kush from Upper (Southern) Nubia.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>Early archaeology at Kerma started with an Egyptian and Sudanese survey made by George A. Reisner, an American with joint appointments at Harvard University and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Reisner later led these two institutions, the so-called "Harvard-Boston" expedition during three field seasons at Kerma (1913-1916). He worked in Egypt and Sudan for 25 years, 1907-1932.</p><br>
<p>As one of the earliest sites to be excavated in this region, Kerma and Reisner’s contributions to the region’s archaeology are fundamental. A basic chronology of Kerman culture was established based on the work of Reisner’s Harvard-Boston expedition (1913-1916); this provided the scaffolding for all other findings in the region. Reisner’s precise excavation techniques, site reports, and other publications made later reinterpretation of his results possible.</p><br>
<p>The Lower/Western Deffufa (a massive tomb structure) was found closer to the river; the Upper/Eastern Deffufa is a few kilometers away from the river in a cemetery. Most burials were slightly flexed, lying on their sides. Reisner saw many links to ancient Egyptian culture through architectural techniques and the dimensions of the base of the Lower/Western Deffufa (52.3 m &times; 26.7 m, or 150 &times; 100 Egyptian cubits). He assumed it was a fort. He did not conduct further excavations of the settlement suspected to surround the Lower Deffuffa.</p><br>
<p>The Upper/Eastern Deffufa was located amidst thousands of low, round graves, with clear stylistic differences between the northern, middle, and southern parts of the cemetery. The most elaborate tombs were found in the southern part of the cemetery. Reisner assumed that the large, quadrangular deffufa structures were funerary chapels associated with the largest mound graves, not tombs themselves. He interpreted these based on his knowledge of ancient Egyptian funerary practices, and since many of the grave goods found were Egyptian, he had no reason to think otherwise.</p><br>
<p>George A. Reisner fit this archaeology into his understanding of ancient life along the Nile, assuming that Kerma was a satellite city of the ancient Egyptians. It was not until the late twentieth century that excavations by Charles Bonnet and the University of Geneva confirmed that this was not the case. They instead uncovered a vast independent urban complex that ruled most of the Third Cataract for centuries.</p><br>
<h3>Late 20th century to present</h3><br>
<p>For decades after Reisner’s excavations, his dismissal of the site as an Egyptian satellite fortified city was accepted. “The patient and diligent work of Bonnet and his colleagues unearthed the foundations of numerous houses, workshops, and palaces, proving that as early as 2000 BC Kerma was a large urban center, presumably the capital city and a burial ground of the kings of Kush”. From 1977 to 2003, Bonnet and an international team of scholars excavated at Kerma.</p><br>
<p>Bonnet’s Swiss team has excavated the following types of sites at Kerma: ancient town, princely tomb, temple, residential/administrative buildings, Napatan buildlings, Napatan potter’s workshop, Meroitic cemeteries, fortifications, and Neolithic grain pits and huts. Among many other unique finds, Bonnet uncovered a bronze forge in the Kerma main city. “It is within the walls of the religious center that a bronze workshop was built. The workshop consisted of multiple forges and the artisans’ techniques appear to have been quite elaborate. There is no comparable discovery in Egypt or in Sudan to help us interpret these remains”</p><br>
<p>In 2003, black granite statues of pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt were discovered near Kerma by Charles Bonnet and his archaeological team.</p><br>
<h3>Bioarchaeology</h3><br>
<p>Mortuary practice in Kerma varied over time, and this is visible in the archaeological record. The large cemetery, around the Upper/Eastern Deffufa is arranged with older graves in the north and more recent (and complex) graves and tombs in the southern part. “In the Early Kerma period, 2500-2050 BC, burials are marked by a low, circular superstructure of slabs of black sandstone, stuck into the ground in concentric circles. White quartz pebbles reinforce the structure”. Smaller burials are found surrounding the larger tombs of important individuals. Tombs progress from simple mounds to Egyptian-inspired pyramid complexes. This transition does not begin until long after pyramids are out of fashion in Egypt.</p><br>
<p>Bonnet notes that sacrificial victims appear and become increasingly common in the Middle Kerma period. Because burial chambers can be easily entered, I would question the likelihood of the sacrifice of a wife and/or child when a man dies, without any ethnohistorical evidence to support this in this culture. In fact Buzon and Judd question this assumption by analyzing traumata and indicators of skeletal stress in these “sacrificial victims.”</p><br>
<p>Most remains are found in a lightly contracted or contracted position on their sides. Because of the arid desert climate, natural mummification is very common. Without the normal processes of decomposition to skeletonize the body, soft tissues, hairs, and organic grave goods are still often found (e.g., textiles, feathers, leather, fingernails). Grave goods include faience beads, cattle skulls, and pottery. Skeletal collections, like other archaeological evidence, continue to be re-examined and re-interpreted as new research questions arise. Two recent studies highlight the kinds of questions that bioarchaeologists are asking of the skeletal material excavated from Kerma.</p><br>
<p>Kendall suggests that large tombs in the Upper Deffufa contained the bodies of dozens or hundreds of sacrificed victims. A later bioarchaeological examination of “sacrificed” individuals from these contexts showed no significant differences between the skeletal stress markers of sacrificed versus non-sacrificed individuals. They drew samples from the “sacrificial corridors” and interments outside of the large tumuli corridors. Accompanying individuals in the tumuli at Kerma are interpreted as wives sacrificed upon the death of the husband, but the bioarchaeological evidence does not support this archaeological conclusion. A prior study noted no difference in the frequency of traumatic injury.</p><br>
<p>Traumatic injury is viewed through the lens of modern traumatic injury patterns. “Many aspects of the Kerma injury pattern were comparable to clinical observations: males experienced a higher frequency of trauma, the middle-aged group exhibited the most trauma, the oldest age cohort revealed the least amount of accumulated injuries, a small group experienced multiple trauma and fractures occurred more frequently than dislocations or muscle pulls”. Parry fractures (often occur when an individual is fending off a blow from an attacker) are common. These do not necessarily result from assault, however, and Judd does acknowledge this. She does not use the same parsing strategy when considering Colles&#39; fractures (of the wrist, usually occur when falling onto one’s hands) may result from being pushed from a height rather than interpersonal violence, and this is not acknowledged.</p><br>
<p>Peyto Lake is a glacier-fed lake in Banff National Park in the Canadian Rockies. The lake itself is easily accessed from the Icefields Parkway. It was named for Bill Peyto, an early trail guide and trapper in the Banff area.</p><br>
<p>The lake is formed in a valley of the Waputik Range, between Caldron Peak, Peyto Peak and Mount Jimmy Simpson, at an elevation of 1,860 m.</p><br>
<p>During the summer, significant amounts of glacial rock flour flow into the lake, and these suspended rock particles give the lake a bright, turquoise colour. Because of its bright colour, photos of the lake often appear in illustrated books, and the area around the lake is a popular sightseeing spot for tourists. The lake is best seen from Bow Summit, the highest point on the Icefields Parkway.</p><br>
<p>The lake is fed by Peyto Creek, which drains water from Caldron Lake and Peyto Glacier (part of the Wapta Icefield). Peyto Lake is the origin of the Mistaya River, which heads northwest from the lake&#39;s outflow.</p><br>
<p>Aracar is a large conical stratovolcano in northwestern Argentina, just east of the Chilean border. It has a main summit crater about 1 - in diameter which sometimes contains crater lakes, and a secondary crater. The volcano has formed, starting during the Pliocene, on top of a lava platform and an older basement. Constructed on a base with an altitude of 4,100 m, it covers a surface area of 192.4 km&sup2; and has a volume of 148 km3. The only observed volcanic activity was a possible steam or ash plume on March 28, 1993 seen from the village of Tolar Grande about 50 km southeast of the volcano, but with no evidence of deformation of the volcano from satellite observations. Inca archeological sites are found on the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Aracar is located in the Salta province, north of the Salar de Taca Taca and Arizaro and east of the Salar de Incahuasi and the Sierra de Taca Taca, close to the Chilean border. Volcanoes in the territory rise above the endorheic sinks and landscape. Cerro Arizaro (9.0 ± 1.3 mya) is another volcano southeast of Aracar.</p><br>
<p>The basement consists of Paleozoic granites. The Laguna de Aracar Formation north of Aracar was formed by Gondwana volcanism and has been dated by K-Ar methods to be 266±28 mya old, and it is associated with the Llullaillaco Unit. Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the east and arenites in the south form the rest of the basement. The height of the volcano over the surrounding terrain is between 1,900 - from north to south.</p><br>
<p>Aracar is a polygenetic volcanic cone with a diameter of 13.5 km and a rectangular basis 12 -, covering a surface area of 192.4 km&sup2;. Four lava domes extend southeast from the volcano. Grey basaltic lava flows descend from its summit and form a gentle western flank and much steeper eastern, northern and southern flanks. West of the main summit a 1 - wide and several hundred meters deep crater forms Aracar&#39;s main crater. Snowmelt occasionally forms small ephemeral lakes in the main crater. A 100 m shallow 10 m deep secondary crater is surmounted by a flat semilunar 15 - wide surface. Small southbound andesitic lava flows are associated with the main crater. Some deep gorges cut into the volcano, and erosion has removed 1.8 km3 of rock.</p><br>
<p>A lava field is found beneath Aracar volcano. It is constructed by lava flows that range in composition from basaltic andesite bordering on trachyandesite over dacite and smaller flows of partially silicic magma. Basal lava flows are heavily eroded and reach 14 km of length in the south and width decreasing from 4.5 km to 1.5 km. They have cancelled out the prior landscape. These lower lava flows reach the Salar de Taca Taca and extend south-southeast. The main andesitic cone is 900 m high and 5 km wide and formed on top of older dacitic lava flows. The dacite flows which form the bulk of the edifice are covered with debris and have flow fronts 20 - high. The lava field formed over a north-south slope.</p><br>
<p>Lavas have gray-black porphyric and in some places vesicular textures. Andesine-labradorite plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts are found in the lavas, which has a fine grained groundmass. Apatite, augite and opaque mineral inclusions are also found. Some lava flows display very small scale flow bands with feldspat and plagioclase inclusions. Xenoliths containing quartz and gabbro nodules also have part in the rock composition. The overall rock composition is calc-alkaline, similar to other magmas in the Central Volcanic Zone with some intraplate and crustal components, with the magmas forming in an open magma chamber. Later magmas may have been influenced by entry of basic magmas from the depth. The total volume of the edifice is about 148 km3.</p><br>
<p>The volcanic history of Aracar is poorly understood. The bottom lava flows have ages of 3.4 ± 1.2 to 2.6 ± 0.4 mya. Presumably at first fluid basaltic lavas were erupted. Subsequently, dacite lavas were erupted, accompanied with the formation of a strong slope in the edifice and hydrothermal activity at a northwestern lava dome. Finally the central crater and andesite lava flows were erupted. Beneath 4,500 m altitude lava flows are well conserved. No historical activity is recorded but March 1993, inhabitants of Tolar Grande 50 km southeast of Aracar observed a high ash or steam column rising from Aracar, which may be either an eruption or the result of landslides. Satellite images did not detect any deformation of the edifice during this episode, probably due to aliasing.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was first climbed in 1958 by European climbers including Mathias Rebitsch, who found an archeological site in the summit area. Mine fields are present on the northeastern flanks of Aracar, making exploration from that side impossible.</p><br>
<p>A major Inca archeological site is found on Aracar. Two separate places exist on the summit and the secondary crater. The summit place is formed by a stone circle and low stone walls which are placed just above the slopes down into the main crater. A terrace shaped stone structure forms the secondary crater place, being placed on its slopes. A smaller terrace is located on its northeastern side. Timber and wood are found around the stone structures. All these sites have dimensions of no more than 5 m. These structures may be a sanctuary site that could be accessed by a bystanding public during ceremonies, with the sites themselves located within wind protected areas.</p><br>
<p>Bethesda Academy  is a boys&#39; school and former orphanage located in unincorporated Chatham County, Georgia, in the United States, near Savannah. Its historic building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was founded in 1740 as an orphanage by evangelist George Whitefield, in the 18th century on his 500 acre (1,600 m²) land grant about 10 mi south of Savannah, Georgia in the newly founded colony of Georgia. Whitefield called the orphanage Bethesda, which means "House of Mercy," for he hoped many acts of mercy would take place there. On March 25, 1740, construction began on the orphanage buildings. The main house was two stories high with twenty rooms. Two smaller buildings were built behind the orphanage; one was designed to be an infirmary and the other a workhouse.</p><br>
<p>Whitefield wanted the orphanage to be a place of strong Calvinist influence with a wholesome atmosphere and strong discipline. Boys were taught trades so that they could earn a living as adults. Younger children learned spinning and carding, and all boys were taught mechanics and agriculture. Whitefield hoped that the orphanage would become the foundation of a university.</p><br>
<p>While the children grew most of the orphanage food, the enterprise was more expensive than anticipated, and Whitefield went into debt. Benjamin Franklin suggested that due to the scarcity of workmen and materials in Georgia, it might be better to move the orphanage and its children to Philadelphia. Whitefield refused to move the orphanage because his contributors donated money specifically for the Georgia project.</p><br>
<p>At his death, Whitefield bequeathed the orphanage and his slaves to the Countess of Huntington, a charitable sponsor in England. He asked her to maintain the orphanage under its existing principles, and establish a college. However, she was not able to provide the oversight from 3,000 mi away, and the orphanage almost closed.</p><br>
<p>In 1773, fire destroyed the home. Three years later, the American Revolution stymied plans to add a college. After several administrative changes, a new building and society, the Bethesda Home for Boys, was established on the same site.</p><br>
<h2>Bethesda and slavery</h2><br>
<p>In the early 18th century, slavery had been outlawed in Georgia. In 1749, Whitefield campaigned for its legalization, arguing that the territory would never be prosperous unless farms were able to use slave labor. He began his fourth visit to America in 1751 advocating slavery, viewing its re-legalization in Georgia as necessary to make his plantation profitable. Partially through his campaigns and written pleas to the Georgia Trustees, it was re-legalized in 1751. Whitefield then purchased slaves to work at Bethesda Orphanage. To help raise money for the orphanage, he also employed slaves at his Providence Plantation. When Whitefield died, he bequeathed his slaves to the Countess of Huntingdon.</p><br>
<h2>Modern times</h2><br>
<p>Bethesda has not been an orphanage for many years, but continues to focus on youth in the greater Savannah area. Bethesda is a private boarding and day school for boys in grades 6-12 and, in April 2011, the Bethesda Home for Boys was renamed Bethesda Academy to better reflect their mission and commitment to the education of young men. In 2015, Bethesda kicked off its 275th Anniversary year.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Demaray, Donald E. Pulpit Giants; what made them great. (Chicago: Moody Press, 1973).</p><br>
<p>Macartney, Clarence Edward Noble. Six Kings of the American pulpit. (Philadelphia, The Westminster Press, 1942).</p><br>
<p>McGraw, James. Great Evangelical Preachers of Yesterday. (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1961).</p><br>
<p>Whitefield, George. George Whitefield&#39;s Journals. (Banner of Truth Trust, 1960).</p><br>
<p>The Drake, a Hilton Hotel, 140 East Walton Place, Chicago, Illinois, is a luxury, full-service hotel, located downtown on the lake side of Michigan Avenue two blocks north of the John Hancock Center and a block south of Oak Street Beach at the top of the Magnificent Mile. Overlooking Lake Michigan, it was founded in 1920, designed in the Italian Renaissance style by the firm of Marshall and Fox, and soon became one of Chicago&#39;s landmark hotels, a longtime rival of the Palmer House. It has 537 bedrooms and 74 suites, a six-room Presidential Suite, several restaurants, two large ballrooms, the "Palm Court" , and Club International . It is known for the contribution that its silhouette and sign on the lake  façade make to the Gold Coast skyline.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Second-generation hotel magnates Tracy Drake and John Drake (1872-1964) acquired the property from the estate of Potter Palmer in 1916. The building was financed by a syndicate of family friends including members of the Palmer, Armour, Swift, and McCormick families and the hotel&#39;s architects, Benjamin Marshall and Charles Fox. Including the land, construction, and furnishing, the Drake cost $10,000,000, which in present-day dollars is roughly $120 million.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its completion, the Drake provided a transition between the fashionable Gold Coast residential area and the new commercial north Michigan Avenue. The buildings Walton Place main entrance avoided the commotion of the commercial thoroughfare and increased vehicular access. The Drake brothers upheld the family reputation as a main focus of social, commercial, and political life in Chicago with its ownership and management of the citys two most prominent hotels as Michigan Avenue bookends. (See Blackstone Hotel.)</p><br>
<p>The Drake served as the original studios of radio station WGN when it was renamed from WDAP in 1924.</p><br>
<p>William Drake and his wife Elizabeth lived at the hotel for several years until the family lost the property during the Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>When Francesco ("Frank The Enforcer Nitti") Nitto headed the Chicago Outfit in the 1930s and early 1940s, he maintained his office for a time in a suite of rooms. From the 1950s through the 1980s the Drake Hotel maintained its status, continuing to attract several notable guests, and became even more prominent as the Magnificent Mile further developed and the residential Gold Coast saw parts of it, primarily Oak Street, developed with luxury boutiques, fine jewelry stores, and spas. Such development allowed the centrally located Drake Hotel to act as a connection of sorts for the burgeoning, prestigious areas.</p><br>
<p>Hilton International purchased the property in 1996 and set a $45 million renovation program in progress in 1998 that lasted until 2003. In 2005 and 2006 owners added a fitness center, executive conference center, and new furnishings in all the guest rooms at a cost of $15 million. In 2005, Hilton Hotels Corporation acquired Hilton International, and The Drake became part of the Hilton Hotels Corporation and The Hilton Family of Hotels.</p><br>
<h2>Notable visitors</h2><br>
<p>The Drake has been frequented by many heads of state, assorted celebrities, international personalities, and members of the European aristocracy (some as long-term residents) since opening in 1920. Notable guests included Winston Churchill, Eleanor Roosevelt, Presidents Herbert Hoover, Dwight Eisenhower, Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan. Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales (albeit separately), Elizabeth Taylor, Judy Garland, Hugh Hefner, Owe Lundberg, Walt Disney, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Charles Lindbergh, the Marchese and Marchesa Chiaramonte-Ragusa. Prince Felix Yusupov, Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko, King Hussein of Jordan, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Julia Roberts. Joe DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe carved their initials into the wooden bar of the Cape Cod Room during a visit, which can still be seen today. Diana, Princess of Wales, stayed at the Drake Hotel during her only visit to Chicago in 1996, one year before her death.</p><br>
<h2>Urban legends</h2><br>
<p>According to local legend, John Drake (1826-1895) (the father of this hotels founders) was standing with a hotel owner watching the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The owner, seeing his hotel threatened by the flames, offered to sell it for any price. Drake noticed that the wind direction was changing and made an offer and so founded the Drake Hotel. If this were true it would have occurred 49 years before the hotels founding. The story is possibly confused with the interim New Tremont House purchase by John Drake, at the time of the Great Fire.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Scenes from the movies Risky Business, My Best Friends Wedding, Hero, What Women Want, Continental Divide, Flags of Our Fathers, Wicker Park, Mission: Impossible, and Carol were filmed or at least set at the hotel. Mission: Impossible mentions Jon Voights character as having stayed there shortly before the events of the film. Agent X season one partially revolves around photos the Vice President Sharon Stone receives of her deceased husband having an affair at the Drake. In an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm, a character falsely claims that the Cobb salad was invented at the hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Afternoon Tea</h2><br>
<p>Visitors to Chicago are often drawn to Afternoon Tea, a tradition that dates back to 1840. The Empress of Japan, Princess Diana, and Queen Elizabeth II have all participated in the custom. Tea is held in the Palm Court, which is all-white. The hotel has a specialty custom-made "Palm Court" blend, which is made out of four teas: Indian Assam, chocolate notes from Chinese Keemun, Ceylon, and a Formosa Oolong. Live harp music occurs Wednesday through Sunday. In 2013, USA Today ranked the Drake Hotel as one of the best hotels for afternoon tea in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Retail tenants</h2><br>
<p>The Drake, a Hilton Hotel has Chanel, Georg Jensen, and Van Cleef & Arpels as retail tenants, all of which have a street-level presence on the Magnificent Mile.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Range is the range of tall hills across north Trinidad, the major island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The hills range from the Chaguaramas peninsula on the west coast to Toco in the east.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Range covers approximately twenty-five percent of the land area of Trinidad.</p><br>
<p>The hills rise abruptly from the lowlands of northern Trinidad (the so-called East-West Corridor), but only the two tallest peaks, El Cerro del Aripo and El Tucuche top 900 m. On the summits of El Cerro del Aripo and El Tucuche, the vegetation is quite different from the lower montane forests. Elfin woodland and cloud forests cover the summits, and are home to the endemic El Tucuche golden tree frog. The south-facing valleys run deep into the hills and support major rivers, such as the Caroni River, while the north-facing valleys are generally short and are drained by smaller streams.</p><br>
<p>The biodiversity within the Northern Range, which represents a combination of species from the South American continent and from the Caribbean islands further north is high. The densely forested peaks are home to over 100 species of mammals and 430 species of birds. Animals such as red howler monkeys, capuchin monkeys, neotropical river otters, collared peccary, ocelots and red brocket deer, to name a few, inhabit the lush forests, making the Northern Range the only mountain range in the Caribbean to host such species.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous streams and waterfalls in the Northern Range. The highest waterfall is Maracas waterfall, towering 91.5 metres (300 ft) high. Other waterfalls include the Rincon Falls, Rio Seco Falls and Marianne Falls. Numerous sulphur springs occur on the river beds of Rio Seco Falls, demonstrating the volcanic nature of the region.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Range consists mainly of sedimentary rocks - schists and limestones; portions at the eastern end of the range are of volcanic origin. The hills are mostly forested, although deforestation and the formation of fire-savannahs is one of the major environmental concerns in Trinidad.</p><br>
<p>The country&#39;s largest cave system, the Aripo Cave, is located in the Northern Range. The caves feature stunning stalagmite and stalactite formations.</p><br>
<p>These caves are inhabited by oilbirds, the only nocturnal bird in the world, and bats.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Range runs from the Chaguaramas Peninsula in the west to Toco in the east. The eastern Northern Range (areas east of Arima) remain most heavily forested. Portions west of Arima, especially the southern slopes and valleys, have been extensively deforested, since they lie immediately north of the most heavily populated parts of the island.</p><br>
<p>At the western end of the Northern Range, the capital city, Port of Spain, climbs into the hills and the valleys are settled and largely deforested.</p><br>
<p>The Arima Valley remains as the westernmost valley that is still primarily forested, in a large part due to the presence of the Asa Wright Nature Centre in this valley.</p><br>
<p>El Cerro del Aripo, at 940 m, is the highest point in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is part of the Aripo Massif and is located in the Northern Range on the island of Trinidad, northeast of the town of Arima.</p><br>
<p>El Cerro del Aripo lies on the border of the St.George and St.Andrew Counties in the biodiverse Northern Range. Elfin woodland and cloud forest is found on the peaks summit, due to high levels of rainfall and winds. Elfin woodland is also found on the summit of the nations second highest peak, El Tucuche.</p><br>
<p>El Cerro del Aripo is home to the golden treefrog, only found in the highest peaks in Trinidad and the Paria Peninsula, Venezuela. The constant cloud cover, prevailing winds and Cloud Forest or Elfin Woodland provides a safe habitat for the elusive frog. It inhabits the moist bromeliads found on the summit. Other animals including the elusive ocelot, red brocket deer and howler monkey.</p><br>
<p>The mountain lies in the Aripo and Guanapo river valleys. It forms the headwaters of the Caroni River&#39;s largest tributary. There are biodiverse caves such as the Lopinot Cave and Aripo Cave. The Aripo Cave is home to a large oilbird colony, and features stunning stalactite and stalagmite formations.There are many rivers and gorges such as the Guanapo river gorge and Aripo river. These all contribute to the Caroni River.</p><br>
<p>El Cerro del Aripo is accessible for hikers, and is located near the world-famous Asa Wright Nature Centre. The centre is a bird-watching hotspot and is one of the most biodiverse areas in the West Indies and over 400 species of birds can be viewed from there.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and climate</h2><br>
<p>Unlike many of Trinidad&#39;s mountain peaks, El Cerro del Aripo has a flat summit, and unlike El Tucuche, no views are available. However, the mountain contains a diverse array of wildlife. Animals such as the howler monkey and elusive ocelot (found nowhere else in the Caribbean) can be found. Below the mountain is the world-famous Asa Wright Nature Centre, one of the most biodiverse areas in the West Indies. Over 200 species of birds can be viewed from there.</p><br>
<p>El Cerro del Aripo stands as the highest elevation in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The mountain lies in the Aripo and Guanapo river valleys. The main tributary of the large Caroni River flows from the mountain, out of the Northern Range and into the densely populated Caroni Plains.</p><br>
<p>Geographical formations include the Lopinot Cave and Aripo Cave, which is home to an oilbird colony and the Guanapo river gorges, which features some of the Caribbean&#39;s most rugged terrain and deep river gorges.</p><br>
<p>Its climate is subtropical. Due to constant fog and cloud cover, temperature may decrease significantly at night compared to the lowlands and fertile Caroni plains</p><br>
<p>Emigrant Gap is a gap in a ridge on the California Trail as it crosses the Sierra Nevada, to the west of what is now known as Donner Pass. Here the cliffs are so steep that, back in the 1840s, the pioneers on their way to California had to lower their wagons on ropes in order to continue.</p><br>
<p>The Emigrant Gap was so named because it was a low gap on a ridge where the emigrants&#39; wagons crossed from the American River drainage to the Bear River drainage. It was part of the Truckee Route, a portion of the California Trail by which pioneers, heading west, emigrated from the United States to California, which was part of Mexico until it was captured by the United States in the Mexican-American War (1846–1848).</p><br>
<p>There is a California historical marker (number 403) on Interstate 80 commemorating this brave and arduous task, which was dedicated on June 25, 1950.</p><br>
<p>Emigrant Gap is located near the town of Emigrant Gap, California.</p><br>
<p>The Donner Party was not the first emigrant party to cross Emigrant Gap; the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party crossed the Sierra in 1844–45.</p><br>
<p>Kavaratti  is the capital of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep in India. Kavaratti is a census town as well as the name of the atoll upon which the town stands.</p><br>
<p>It is well known for its pristine white sand beaches and calm lagoons, which makes it a popular tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>It has a distance of 2,056 km south of the city of Delhi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city is one of the hundred Indian cities competing in a national level competition to get the funds under Narendra Modi&#39;s flagship Smart Cities Mission. Kavaratti will be competing for the one of last 10 spots against 20 cities from across India.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island of Kavaratti lies 360 km off the coast of the state of Kerala at 10.57&deg;N latitude, 72.64&deg;E longitude. It has an average elevation of 0 metres (0 feet).</p><br>
<p>The closest island is uninhabited Pitti islet, located 24 km north of Kavaratti. The inhabited island of Agatti lies 54 km to the NW and Suheli Par 53 km to the SW.</p><br>
<p>Kochi is the closest major city on the Indian mainland at a distance of 404 km.</p><br>
<p>It has a lagoon area of 8.96 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The 2011 population for Kavaratti was 11,210 based on the 2011 census of India. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Of the 1797 families on the island, 57 (about 3%) are below the poverty line.</p><br>
<p>The literacy was 88.6% for Kavaratti. This was an increase from 44.4% in 1971. The male literacy rate was 94.1%, while the female literacy was 81.66%. In Kavaratti, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.</p><br>
<p>The most commonly spoken languages are Malayalam, Mahl and English.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to the township of Kavaratti Island of Kavaratti Tehsil.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Kavaratti has a tropical monsoon climate. March to May is the hottest period of the year. The year-round temperature ranges between 25 and. Humidity range is 70 to 76 percent.</p><br>
<p>The monsoon rains usually start at the end of May and continue through early September. The island receives an average of around 1,675 mm of rain during the year.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Tourism is one of the primary industries on the island. The island has pristine white sand beaches, favored by tourists for sun bathing. The calm lagoons on Kavaratti island are ideal for water sports and swimming.</p><br>
<p>A number of hotels and resorts have been developed on Kavaratti in recent years. The waters around the coral atoll are rich in diverse marine life. The Kavaratti Aquarium has a rich collection of corals and a vast collection of tropical fish specimens.</p><br>
<p>The other major industries on the island are fisheries and agriculture. Coconut is the dominant crop on the island. With the ascent of tourism, the fishing industry has seen a major decline.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Among the most popular means of travel to Kavaratti from the Indian mainland is via an overnight voyage by passenger ships. A number of passenger liners operate from Kochi to Kavaratti and other Lakshadweep islands.</p><br>
<p>The nearest domestic airport is on Agatti Island 54 km away, followed by helicopter or boat transfers from Agatti to Kavaratti. Commercial flights usually operate from Kochi to Agatti.</p><br>
<p>The closest international airport is the Cochin International Airport in Kochi on the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>There are 2 primary schools and 2 secondary schools on the island. In addition there were 14 anganwadis.</p><br>
<h2>Healthcare</h2><br>
<p>Kavaratti hosts a co-operative hospital. There is also a Krishibhavan and an associated veterinary hospital on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Water supply</h2><br>
<p>Ground water is the major source of water supply to Kavaratti. The island has 190 ponds to collect monsoon waters and 1325 wells.</p><br>
<p>With increasing population, the Government of India commissioned a low temperature desalination plant (LLTD) in Kavaratti in May 2005. The desalination plant established at a cost of 50 million has a capacity to supply 100,000 litres of drinking water every day.</p><br>
<h2>Military</h2><br>
<p>Kavaratti island is home to INS Dweeprakshak, the main Indian Navy base of the Southern Naval Command in the Lakshadweep islands.</p><br>
<p>was an Arnala class corvette of the Indian Navy named for the island.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Van Cortlandt House Museum, also known as the Frederick Van Cortlandt House or simply the Van Cortlandt House, is the oldest building in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. The house was built in 1748 in the Georgian style by Frederick Van Cortlandt  for his family. Van Cortlandt died before its completion and the property was inherited by his son, James Van Cortlandt . It is a -story, L-shaped house with a double hipped roof. It was built of dressed fieldstone and is representative of the high Georgian style.</p><br>
<p>The Van Cortlandts, a mercantile family prominent in New York affairs, established a grain plantation and grist mill on the property. The house was used during the Revolutionary War by Rochambeau, Lafayette, and Washington. In 1889, after 140 years of occupancy by the Van Cortlandt family, the property was sold to the City of New York and made public parkland. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1967 and became a National Historic Landmark in 1976. The house has been operated as a historic house museum since 1897, the first in the city and fourth in the country.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The house was used in the season two episode "Battle of the Century" of Boardwalk Empire, where it stood in for a house in Belfast.</p><br>
